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Albert Bandura - The belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations.

Lev Vygotsky - The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.

Viktor Frankl - A type of psychotherapy that believes the primary motivational force of an individual is to find a meaning in life.

Various Researchers - The belief or practice of selfless concern for the well-being of others.

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner - A theory suggesting that behavior is learned through interactions with the environment and is maintained by reinforcement and consequences.

Ivan Pavlov - A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Abraham Maslow - A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

Erik Erikson - A theory that proposes eight stages of human development, each stage is characterized by a different conflict that must be resolved by the individual.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross - A series of emotions experienced by survivors of an intimate's death, wherein the five stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Clark Hull - A theory of motivation that proposes that the primary purpose of a drive is to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs, such as hunger or thirst.

Sigmund Freud - A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.

Philip Zimbardo - An attempt to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers.

Various Researchers - The process by which a person can selectively pick out one message from a mixture of messages occurring simultaneously.

Various Researchers - Any approach to problem-solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method, not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but sufficient for reaching an immediate goal.

Leon Festinger - A psychological conflict resulting from incongruous beliefs and attitudes held simultaneously.

B.F. Skinner - A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, which influence future behavior choices.

Howard Gardner - A model suggesting that intelligence is not a single ability but a combination of several independent intelligences.

Albert Bandura - The theory set forth by Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

Elizabeth Loftus - The phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.

John Darley and Bibb Latané - A social psychological theory that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Viktor Frankl, Rollo May - A form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the existence of the individual as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Melanie Klein and W.R.D. Fairbairn - A psychoanalytic theory proposing that relationships with others are crucial to the development of the individual’s personality.

David Dunning and Justin Kruger - A cognitive bias in which people mistakenly assess their cognitive ability as greater than it is.

Sigmund Freud - Unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by the ego to protect against anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.

Aaron T. Beck - A psycho-social intervention that aims to improve mental health by challenging and changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors, improving emotional regulation, and developing personal coping strategies.

John Garcia - The phenomenon where a person or animal avoids food that they have previously associated with an illness or bad experience, even if the food was not the cause.

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers - An approach to psychology that emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior, focusing on self-actualization and personal growth.

Albert Bandura - A framework for understanding how individuals learn from one another, through observational learning, imitation, and modeling.

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler - A theory that proposes that psychological phenomena cannot be understood by breaking them down into parts but instead as wholes.

Irving Janis - A psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people when the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

Various Researchers - A theoretical model to describe human personality through five broad domains: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Theory of Cognitive Development - Proposed that children move through four stages of mental development characterized by changes in logic and the ability to understand abstract concepts.

Aaron T. Beck - A short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving, with the goal of changing patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so changing the way they feel.

Social Learning Theory - Suggested that people learn through observing others' behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors which is an important factor for motivation.

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth - A theory focused on the bonds and relationships we create as children with our caregivers and how these influence our emotional development and future relationships.

Jean Piaget - A theory that describes the cognitive development of children in four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Elton Mayo - The alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

Carl Rogers - A discrepancy between the self-image of an individual and the reality of that individual's experience.

Stanley Milgram - A series of social psychology experiments, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience.

Everett Rogers - A theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures.

Various Researchers - A psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences.

Robert Sternberg - A model of intelligence which identifies three types: analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

Lee Ross - The tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Sigmund Freud - A method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders, based on revealing unconscious thoughts and motivations.

Edward L. Deci and Richard Ryan - A theory of motivation that is concerned with supporting our natural or intrinsic tendencies to behave in effective and healthy ways.

Eric Berne - A psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy wherein social transactions are analyzed to determine the ego state of the communicator as a basis for understanding behavior.