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An illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system, dated to the early 15th century. Theories include it being a cipher, an unknown language, or an elaborate hoax.

A debate over whether William Shakespeare truly wrote the works attributed to him, with suggestions that figures like Edward de Vere or Christopher Marlowe may be the actual authors.

A word square containing a five-word Latin palindrome. Theories range from it being Christian in origin to it serving magical or alchemical purposes.

A system of glyphs discovered on Easter Island that remains undeciphered, possibly representing a writing system or proto-writing.

A set of three cipher texts that allegedly pinpoint the location of a hidden treasure in Virginia, USA. Only one of the ciphers has been cracked, using the United States Declaration of Independence as a key.

A sculpture by artist Jim Sanborn located at CIA headquarters featuring four encrypted messages. Three of these have been solved, with the fourth remaining a mystery.

A disc from the Minoan palace of Phaistos on the island of Crete, containing stamped symbols that have yet to be deciphered. Theories include it being a prayer, a narrative, or a game.

A 16th-century Latin treatise on magic, it contains encrypted sections that baffled famous occultist John Dee. It discusses demonology and angelology and contains tables that code for unknown meanings.