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Complex Analysis Fundamentals
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Schwarz Lemma
If is analytic and bounded by in the unit disk, and if , then and for all in the unit disk. If equality holds for one point, then for some real .
Entire Function
A function is entire if it is analytic at every point in the complex plane.
Holomorphic Function
A function is holomorphic on an open set if it is analytic at every point in that set.
Liouville's Theorem
If a function is entire and bounded in the complex plane, it is constant.
Maximum Modulus Principle
If is a non-constant analytic function on a domain , then achieves its maximum on the boundary of and not in the interior.
Pole of Order
An isolated singularity of a function is a pole of order if behaves like near and is analytic at .
Analytic Function
A function is analytic at a point if it is differentiable at that point as well as in some neighborhood around it.
Meromorphic Function
A function is meromorphic on an open set if it is analytic everywhere in that set except for a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function.
Residue Theorem
Let be a function analytic in some domain except for a finite number of isolated singularities. The integral of around a closed contour is times the sum of the residues of inside the contour.
Cauchy-Riemann Equations
A function is differentiable at a point in the complex plane if and only if partial derivatives exist and satisfy the equations and .
Laurent Series
Represents a complex function in the form of a power series that includes terms of negative degree, allowing it to describe functions with singularities.
Essential Singularity
A point is an essential singularity of a function if the function behaves 'wildly' near , with the behavior not being describable as either a pole or a removable singularity.
Residue
The coefficient of the term in the Laurent series expansion of a function about an isolated singularity .
Harmonic Function
A real-valued function on an open set in is called harmonic if it satisfies Laplace's equation: .
Uniform Convergence
A sequence of functions converges uniformly to a function on a set if, given any positive number , there exists an such that for all in and all , .
Rouche's Theorem
Let and be analytic inside and on a simple closed contour , where on . Then and have the same number of zeros inside .
Mobius Transformation
A transformation of the form , where , which maps the extended complex plane to itself in a conformal manner.
Argument Principle
For a meromorphic function on a domain , and a positively oriented simple closed contour in that does not pass through any zeros or poles of , the change in argument of around is times the number of zeros minus the number of poles of inside .
Mapping Theorem
Under a conformal mapping, the image of a simple, closed contour is a simple, closed contour.
Montel's Theorem
A family of analytic functions on a domain that are locally uniformly bounded is a normal family; that is, from any sequence of functions in the family, a subsequence that converges uniformly on compact subsets can be extracted.
Open Mapping Theorem
If a function is analytic and non-constant on a domain , it maps open sets to open sets.
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Every non-constant polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This can be established using complex analysis.
Conformal Mapping
A function that preserves angles and the orientation of small figures. Specifically, it is a function whose derivative exists and is non-zero at every point.
Biholomorphic Mapping
A bijective conformal mapping whose inverse is also conformal is called biholomorphic (or bijective holomorphic).
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