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Complex Analysis Fundamentals

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Schwarz Lemma

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If ff is analytic and bounded by 11 in the unit disk, and if f(0)=0f(0) = 0, then f(z)z|f(z)| \leq |z| and f(0)1|f'(0)| \leq 1 for all zz in the unit disk. If equality holds for one point, then f(z)=eiθzf(z) = e^{i\theta}z for some real θ\theta.

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Entire Function

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A function is entire if it is analytic at every point in the complex plane.

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Holomorphic Function

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A function is holomorphic on an open set if it is analytic at every point in that set.

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Liouville's Theorem

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If a function is entire and bounded in the complex plane, it is constant.

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Maximum Modulus Principle

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If ff is a non-constant analytic function on a domain DD, then f(z)|f(z)| achieves its maximum on the boundary of DD and not in the interior.

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Pole of Order nn

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An isolated singularity z0z_0 of a function ff is a pole of order nn if f(z)f(z) behaves like 1/(zz0)n1/(z-z_0)^n near z0z_0 and f(z)(zz0)nf(z)(z-z_0)^n is analytic at z0z_0.

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Analytic Function

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A function is analytic at a point if it is differentiable at that point as well as in some neighborhood around it.

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Meromorphic Function

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A function is meromorphic on an open set if it is analytic everywhere in that set except for a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function.

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Residue Theorem

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Let ff be a function analytic in some domain except for a finite number of isolated singularities. The integral of ff around a closed contour is 2πi2\pi i times the sum of the residues of ff inside the contour.

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Cauchy-Riemann Equations

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A function f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is differentiable at a point in the complex plane if and only if partial derivatives exist and satisfy the equations ux=vy\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial v}{\partial y} and uy=vx\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} = -\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}.

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Laurent Series

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Represents a complex function in the form of a power series that includes terms of negative degree, allowing it to describe functions with singularities.

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Essential Singularity

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A point z0z_0 is an essential singularity of a function if the function behaves 'wildly' near z0z_0, with the behavior not being describable as either a pole or a removable singularity.

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Residue

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The coefficient of the 1/(zz0)1/(z - z_0) term in the Laurent series expansion of a function about an isolated singularity z0z_0.

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Harmonic Function

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A real-valued function u(x,y)u(x, y) on an open set in R2\mathbb{R}^2 is called harmonic if it satisfies Laplace's equation: 2u=2ux2+2uy2=0\nabla^2 u = \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2} = 0.

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Uniform Convergence

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A sequence of functions fnf_n converges uniformly to a function ff on a set EE if, given any positive number ϵ\epsilon, there exists an NN such that for all xx in EE and all nNn \geq N, fn(x)f(x)<ϵ|f_n(x) - f(x)| < \epsilon.

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Rouche's Theorem

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Let ff and gg be analytic inside and on a simple closed contour CC, where g(z)<f(z)|g(z)| < |f(z)| on CC. Then ff and f+gf+g have the same number of zeros inside CC.

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Mobius Transformation

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A transformation of the form f(z)=az+bcz+df(z) = \frac{az + b}{cz + d}, where adbc0ad - bc \neq 0, which maps the extended complex plane to itself in a conformal manner.

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Argument Principle

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For a meromorphic function ff on a domain DD, and CC a positively oriented simple closed contour in DD that does not pass through any zeros or poles of ff, the change in argument of f(z)f(z) around CC is 2π2\pi times the number of zeros minus the number of poles of ff inside CC.

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Mapping Theorem

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Under a conformal mapping, the image of a simple, closed contour is a simple, closed contour.

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Montel's Theorem

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A family of analytic functions on a domain that are locally uniformly bounded is a normal family; that is, from any sequence of functions in the family, a subsequence that converges uniformly on compact subsets can be extracted.

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Open Mapping Theorem

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If a function is analytic and non-constant on a domain DD, it maps open sets to open sets.

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Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

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Every non-constant polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This can be established using complex analysis.

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Conformal Mapping

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A function that preserves angles and the orientation of small figures. Specifically, it is a function whose derivative exists and is non-zero at every point.

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Biholomorphic Mapping

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A bijective conformal mapping whose inverse is also conformal is called biholomorphic (or bijective holomorphic).

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