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Warming of a planet's surface due to the trapping of solar heat by its atmosphere. This effect is crucial for maintaining Earth's habitable temperature.

Process of magma ascending to a planet's surface, resulting in volcanic eruptions. Volcanism helps shape planetary surfaces and atmospheres.

An area beyond Neptune populated with icy small bodies and dwarf planets like Pluto. It is the source of some comets.

Planets orbiting stars other than the Sun. Their study informs us about the potential for life elsewhere in the universe.

Circular depressions on a planet's surface caused by meteorite impacts. Craters help scientists determine the relative age of a planet's surface.

Sudden eruptions of energy on the sun's surface, which can disrupt communications on Earth. They release vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation.

The gradual movement of continents over the earth's surface through geological time. It supports the theory of plate tectonics.

Bodies of liquid methane found on Titan, Saturn's largest moon. They are similar to Earth's water lakes but consist of hydrocarbons.

Stream of charged particles released from the sun's upper atmosphere. It interacts with planetary magnetospheres and can lead to auroras.

A region between Mars and Jupiter filled with millions of asteroids. It represents material that did not form into a planet due to Jupiter's strong gravity.

A condition in which a moon or planet's orbital and rotational periods are synchronized, always showing the same face to the parent body, like the Moon to Earth.

High-energy particles from outer space that may have significant effects on planetary atmospheres and potentially on biological life.

A giant, persistent high-pressure storm on Jupiter. It is larger than Earth and has been observed for over 300 years.

Volcanic activity in icy bodies in the outer solar system, which ejects water, ammonia, or methane instead of molten rock.

The boundary between a planet's magnetosphere and the solar wind. It shields the planet's atmosphere from high energy solar particles.

Region around a planet dominated by its magnetic field. It protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic radiation.

A phenomenon where a planet's equator and poles rotate at different rates. This is observed in gas giants such as Jupiter.

Vast, flat lunar basins filled with solidified lava. These regions are less cratered than other areas, indicating younger geological age.

Polar regions of a planet covered in layers of ice; found on Mars and Earth. Their study provides information on climate history.

The reflectivity of a planet's surface, with higher albedo indicating more reflection. It affects a planet's temperature and climate.

Natural light displays in the sky caused by charged particles colliding with a planet's atmosphere. They are an indicator of planetary magnetic activity.

Movement of a planet's lithospheric plates on the asthenosphere. It drives the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity on Earth.

Variations in weather and climate over a year due to a planet's axial tilt and orbit. Earth experiences four distinct seasons.

The most extensive planetary ring system made up of ice and rock particles. They are a result of tidal forces and possibly remnants of moons.