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Comics Code Authority History
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1954
Establishment of the Comics Code Authority (CCA). In response to public concern over violent and sexual content in comics, the industry self-regulates with the Comics Code.
1954 Senate Subcommittee Hearings
Hearings on juvenile delinquency that focused on comic books and led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority to avoid government regulation.
Seduction of the Innocent
Dr. Fredric Wertham's book criticizes comic book industry, claiming it causes juvenile delinquency, leading to the formation of the Comics Code Authority.
2001 revision
The CCA loosens its code once more, allowing publishers more freedom and acknowledging that not all comics were designed for children.
Content restrictions and guidelines
The CCA established strict content guidelines that prohibited gore, excessive violence, sexual innuendo and many other topics, leading to the decline of certain genres like horror and crime comics.
Revisions in 1971
The CCA updated its code to allow for some previously banned content, such as the depiction of drugs, in the context of anti-drug messages, following criticism by creators and the public.
Aftermath and legacy
Following the decline of the CCA, the industry adopted age rating systems, and a greater diversity of comic book content emerged, fostering the current landscape where comics for all age groups are available.
1980s - Rise of direct market
The emergence of the direct market in the 1980s allowed publishers to sell comics directly to comic book stores, bypassing the traditional newsstand model and, consequently, the Comics Code.
Archie Comics, last to abandon the CCA
Archie Comics, the last major publisher to use the Comics Code Authority seal, finally abandoned it in 2011, leading to the CCA's de facto end.
Underground comix movement
Rise of underground comix in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which circumvented the Comics Code by selling through alternative venues and targeting adult audiences.
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