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The Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The Supreme Court ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys, extending the right to counsel.

The Supreme Court initially upheld the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law, but this decision would later be overturned by Lawrence v. Texas (2003).

The Supreme Court ruled that students do not 'shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate', paving the way for student rights in schools.

The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, leading to desegregation across the United States.

The Supreme Court upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy but ruled that specific racial quotas, as applied by the university, were impermissible.

The Supreme Court upheld busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools in the United States, making a significant impact on the desegregation efforts during the Civil Rights Movement.

The Supreme Court decided that a statute must pass a three-pronged test (later known as the Lemon test) in order not to violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

The Supreme Court held that racially restrictive covenants could not be enforced in courts, striking a blow against residential segregation.

The Supreme Court invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage, thereby removing race-based legal restrictions on marriage.

The Supreme Court found the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional, thereby extending federal benefits to legally married same-sex couples and advancing the rights of the LGBT community.

The Supreme Court struck down a university's use of racial 'quotas' in its admissions process, but it also affirmed the constitutionality of affirmative action programs giving equal access to minorities.

In these decisions, the Supreme Court upheld the university's use of race in undergraduate admissions decisions and confirmed the importance of diversity as a compelling interest in education.

The Supreme Court ruled that race could not be a factor in assigning students to public schools, striking down school desegregation policies and affecting affirmative action practices.

The Supreme Court made same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory, striking down the sodomy law in Texas and, by extension, invalidating sodomy laws in 13 other states.

The Supreme Court decision led to the practice of 'Miranda' warnings, whereby individuals must be informed of their specific legal rights when they are placed under arrest.

The Supreme Court upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, a decision that is now widely criticized as a violation of civil liberties.

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as 'separate but equal'.

The Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, ensuring that businesses that serve the public could not discriminate based on race, color, religion, or national origin.

The Supreme Court decision established the 'actual malice' standard, which has to be met for press reports about public officials to be considered libel; it thus further defined freedoms of the press.

The Supreme Court ruled that a St. Paul, Minnesota, ordinance that outlawed hate speech was unconstitutional under the First Amendment because it infringed upon freedom of speech.

The Supreme Court upheld the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School, maintaining that the Constitution does not prohibit the law school's narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions to further a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body.

The Supreme Court ruled that a woman's right to choose an abortion was protected by the privacy rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, leading to greater reproductive freedom.

The Supreme Court mandated that the desegregation of schools had to occur with 'all deliberate speed', which provided unclear guidance and led to varied compliance timelines.