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Vector Spaces

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Vector Addition

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The sum of two vectors results in a third vector within the same vector space.

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Scalar Multiplication

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A vector can be multiplied by a scalar (a real number), resulting in a new vector that has been scaled by that number.

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Vector Subspace

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A subset of a vector space that itself is a vector space under the addition and scalar multiplication defined on the larger space.

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Linear Dependence

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A set of vectors is linearly dependent if at least one vector in the set can be written as a linear combination of the others.

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Linear Independence

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A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only linear combination that equals the zero vector is the trivial combination (all scalars are zero).

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Basis of a Vector Space

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A set of vectors in a vector space V that are linearly independent and span V.

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Span

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The set of all possible linear combinations of a given set of vectors.

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Dimension of a Vector Space

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Defined as the number of vectors in a basis for the vector space, indicating the degrees of freedom or the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify each point within the space.

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Zero Vector

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A unique vector in a vector space that, when added to any vector in the space, returns the original vector (acts as an additive identity).

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Linear Combination

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A sum of scalar multiples of vectors. Formally, if {v1,v2,...,vk}\{\vec{v}_1, \vec{v}_2, ..., \vec{v}_k\} are vectors and {a1,a2,...,ak}\{a_1, a_2, ..., a_k\} are scalars, then a1v1+a2v2+...+akvka_1\vec{v}_1 + a_2\vec{v}_2 + ... + a_k\vec{v}_k is a linear combination.

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Linear Transformation

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A function between two vector spaces that preserves the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.

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Kernel of a Linear Transformation

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The set of all vectors that map to the zero vector under a linear transformation T, denoted as Ker(T)\text{Ker}(T).

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Range (Image) of a Linear Transformation

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The set of all possible outputs of a linear transformation T, denoted as Im(T)\text{Im}(T) or Range(T)\text{Range}(T).

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Isomorphism

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A bijective (one-to-one and onto) linear transformation between two vector spaces. An isomorphism indicates the two vector spaces are structurally the same, i.e., they are isomorphic.

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Coordinate Vector

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Given a vector space with a specific basis, the coordinate vector is an ordered list of scalars that represents a vector in terms of the given basis.

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Eigenvalue

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For a linear transformation T, a scalar λ\lambda is an eigenvalue if there is a non-zero vector v\vec{v}, such that T(v)=λvT(\vec{v}) = \lambda\vec{v}.

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Eigenvector

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Given a linear transformation T and an eigenvalue λ\lambda, an eigenvector is a non-zero vector v\vec{v} that satisfies the equation T(v)=λvT(\vec{v}) = \lambda\vec{v}.

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Dual Space

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The set of all linear functionals on a vector space V, often denoted as VV^* or VV', where a linear functional is a linear transformation from V to its field of scalars.

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Orthogonality

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Two vectors are orthogonal if their dot product (inner product) is zero.

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Gram-Schmidt Process

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An algorithm for orthogonalizing a set of vectors in an inner product space, which also can be used to produce an orthonormal set of vectors.

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Matrix Representation of Linear Transformations

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A matrix A that when multiplied by the coordinate vector of v\vec{v} in the domain space relative to a basis BB, yields the coordinate vector of the transformed vector T(v)T(\vec{v}) in the codomain space relative to a basis CC.

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Orthogonal Complement

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Given a subspace W of V, the orthogonal complement, denoted WW^\perp, is the set of all vectors in V that are orthogonal to every vector in W.

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Tensor Product of Vector Spaces

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A construction that takes two vector spaces V and W, and produces a new vector space V ⊗ W, whose elements are formal linear combinations of tensors, each of which is the 'product' of a vector from V and a vector from W.

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Direct Sum of Vector Spaces

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An operation taking two vector spaces V and W and returning a new vector space denoted by V ⊕ W. The new space consists of all possible ordered pairs (v, w) where v is in V and w is in W.

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