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Vector Spaces
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Vector Addition
The sum of two vectors results in a third vector within the same vector space.
Scalar Multiplication
A vector can be multiplied by a scalar (a real number), resulting in a new vector that has been scaled by that number.
Vector Subspace
A subset of a vector space that itself is a vector space under the addition and scalar multiplication defined on the larger space.
Linear Dependence
A set of vectors is linearly dependent if at least one vector in the set can be written as a linear combination of the others.
Linear Independence
A set of vectors is linearly independent if the only linear combination that equals the zero vector is the trivial combination (all scalars are zero).
Basis of a Vector Space
A set of vectors in a vector space V that are linearly independent and span V.
Span
The set of all possible linear combinations of a given set of vectors.
Dimension of a Vector Space
Defined as the number of vectors in a basis for the vector space, indicating the degrees of freedom or the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify each point within the space.
Zero Vector
A unique vector in a vector space that, when added to any vector in the space, returns the original vector (acts as an additive identity).
Linear Combination
A sum of scalar multiples of vectors. Formally, if are vectors and are scalars, then is a linear combination.
Linear Transformation
A function between two vector spaces that preserves the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Kernel of a Linear Transformation
The set of all vectors that map to the zero vector under a linear transformation T, denoted as .
Range (Image) of a Linear Transformation
The set of all possible outputs of a linear transformation T, denoted as or .
Isomorphism
A bijective (one-to-one and onto) linear transformation between two vector spaces. An isomorphism indicates the two vector spaces are structurally the same, i.e., they are isomorphic.
Coordinate Vector
Given a vector space with a specific basis, the coordinate vector is an ordered list of scalars that represents a vector in terms of the given basis.
Eigenvalue
For a linear transformation T, a scalar is an eigenvalue if there is a non-zero vector , such that .
Eigenvector
Given a linear transformation T and an eigenvalue , an eigenvector is a non-zero vector that satisfies the equation .
Dual Space
The set of all linear functionals on a vector space V, often denoted as or , where a linear functional is a linear transformation from V to its field of scalars.
Orthogonality
Two vectors are orthogonal if their dot product (inner product) is zero.
Gram-Schmidt Process
An algorithm for orthogonalizing a set of vectors in an inner product space, which also can be used to produce an orthonormal set of vectors.
Matrix Representation of Linear Transformations
A matrix A that when multiplied by the coordinate vector of in the domain space relative to a basis , yields the coordinate vector of the transformed vector in the codomain space relative to a basis .
Orthogonal Complement
Given a subspace W of V, the orthogonal complement, denoted , is the set of all vectors in V that are orthogonal to every vector in W.
Tensor Product of Vector Spaces
A construction that takes two vector spaces V and W, and produces a new vector space V ⊗ W, whose elements are formal linear combinations of tensors, each of which is the 'product' of a vector from V and a vector from W.
Direct Sum of Vector Spaces
An operation taking two vector spaces V and W and returning a new vector space denoted by V ⊕ W. The new space consists of all possible ordered pairs (v, w) where v is in V and w is in W.
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