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A quantum system can exist simultaneously in multiple states, represented by a linear combination of wave functions: $\Psi = c_1\psi_1 + c_2\psi_2 + ... + c_n\psi_n$.

The process by which a quantum state becomes one of the eigenstates of an observable, as described by the wave function collapse post-measurement.

Spin is a quantum property of particles represented by the spin operator $S$ and characterized by eigenvalues $\hbar m_s$, where $m_s$ is the spin quantum number.

Particles can exhibit properties of both waves and particles, described by the wave function $\psi$. The probability of finding a particle in a certain position is given by $|\psi|^2$.

Entanglement is described by a wave function that cannot be factored into the product of two separate wave functions: $\Psi(\text{AB}) \neq \psi(\text{A}) \times \psi(\text{B})$.

Decoherence describes the loss of coherence between quantum superpositions in a system, typically as a result of interaction with the environment.

Two or more fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system at the same time.

Bell's Theorem proves that no local hidden variable theory can reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanics, which is expressible through Bell inequalities.

A framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics. Described by Lagrangians and involves fields with quantum properties.

The Born Rule relates the squared magnitude of the wave function $|\psi|^2$ to the probability density of finding a particle in a given state.

The quantum measurement problem is the challenge of understanding how (or if) wave function collapse occurs, and what determines the outcome of a measurement.