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Environmental Laws and Treaties

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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

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Purpose: Facilitate the cleanup of hazardous substance releases and ensure the parties responsible pay for remediation. Key Provisions: Established a tax on chemical and petroleum industries and created a federal “Superfund” to clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.

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Clean Water Act

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Purpose: Establish the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into waters of the United States. Key Provisions: Sets water quality standards, requires permits for discharging pollutants, and enables EPA to enforce against water pollution.

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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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Purpose: Promote the enhancement of the environment. Key Provisions: Requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions before making decisions, including making Environmental Impact Statements.

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Montreal Protocol

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Purpose: Phase out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. Key Provisions: Sets binding progressive phase out obligations for developed and developing countries for all the major ozone depleting substances, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

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Endangered Species Act

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Purpose: Protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. Key Provisions: Prohibits the unauthorized taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered species; requires federal agencies to ensure their actions do not jeopardize endangered species.

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Paris Agreement

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Purpose: Strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. Key Provisions: Sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, aims to strengthen countries’ ability to deal with the impacts of climate change, and requires all Parties to put forward their best efforts through 'nationally determined contributions' (NDCs).

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Stockholm Convention

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Purpose: Protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Key Provisions: Requires parties to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs, which are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, are widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife.

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Clean Air Act

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Purpose: Regulate air emissions to protect public health and the environment. Key Provisions: Establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards, regulates emissions of hazardous air pollutants, and provides a framework for emissions standards for industries and vehicles.

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Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA)

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Purpose: Regulate ocean dumping and protect marine environments. Key Provisions: Requires a permit to dump waste into ocean waters and authorizes research on the effects of ocean dumping and designation of marine sanctuaries.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

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Purpose: Govern the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Key Provisions: Sets guidelines for waste management programs, establishes a framework for the management of hazardous wastes, and promotes resource recovery and conservation.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

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Purpose: Ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Key Provisions: Requires that international trade of endangered species be subject to permits and regulates trade through a system of licensing.

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Kyoto Protocol

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Purpose: International treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key Provisions: Legally binds developed countries to emission reduction targets, establishes mechanisms for emissions trading, and promotes sustainable development.

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