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Marine Ecosystems

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Kelp Forests

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Underwater areas dominated by kelp, which are large brown algae. Examples: sea otters, garibaldi, sea urchins.

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Deep Sea Vents

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Hot springs on the ocean floor that emit mineral-rich water. Examples: tube worms, vent crabs, thermophilic bacteria.

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Intertidal Zone

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Area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide. Examples: sea stars, barnacles, anemones.

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Coral Reefs

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Diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Examples: clownfish, butterflyfish, parrotfish.

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Open Ocean

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Vast areas of saltwater that cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Examples: blue whales, phytoplankton, flying fish.

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Salt Marshes

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Coastal ecosystems in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open saltwater or brackish water. Examples: cordgrass, blue crabs, fiddler crabs.

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Mangrove Forests

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Coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions, characterized by salt-tolerant trees. Examples: mangrove trees, crabs, mudskippers.

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