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First-Wave vs. Second-Wave Feminism
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Gloria Steinem
A leading figure and spokesperson in the second-wave feminist movement; co-founded 'Ms. Magazine' and worked to address issues of equality.
Ecofeminism
A branch of feminism that examines the connections between the oppression of women and environmental degradation, emerged during the second-wave feminism.
De Beauvoir, Simone
A French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, and political activist, her work 'The Second Sex' is a foundational text for contemporary feminism and inspired second-wave feminism.
Suffrage Movement
Focused on legal issues, primarily the right for women to vote; a defining feature of first-wave feminism.
Women's March on Washington
A political march that took place in 1913, advocating for women's suffrage in the United States; associated with first-wave feminism.
19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granting women the right to vote, ratified in 1920 and associated with the culmination of the first-wave feminism.
Intersectionality
The theory that various social identities such as race, gender, and class intersect to create unique modes of discrimination and privilege; became prominent in second-wave feminist discourse.
Our Bodies, Ourselves
A book published in 1970 that provided comprehensive information on women's health and sexuality; it was a groundbreaking addition to feminist literature during the second-wave feminism.
Roe v. Wade
The landmark 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case that recognized women's constitutional right to abortion; a significant victory for second-wave feminism.
The personal is political
A phrase embodying the theory that personal experiences are a reflection of larger social and political structures, widespread during second-wave feminism.
The Feminine Mystique
A book by Betty Friedan that is often credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States in 1963.
Second-wave feminism
The period of feminist activity that began in the early 1960s and lasted through the late 1980s focused on issues of equality and discrimination beyond suffrage.
Susan B. Anthony
An American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement, representative of first-wave feminism.
Steinem, Gloria
An American feminist journalist and social political activist, she became nationally recognized as a leader of and media spokeswoman for the second-wave feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Reproductive Rights
Focus on women's control over their own reproductive systems, including the right to abortion; a central issue of second-wave feminism.
Combahee River Collective
A Black feminist lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974-1980, which was among the earliest groups to articulate the concept that the liberation of Black women entails freedom for all people, influencing second-wave feminism.
Betty Friedan
Author of 'The Feminine Mystique' and a prominent figure in the second-wave feminism, critiquing the traditional roles of women in society.
Title IX
Part of the United States Education Amendments of 1972, it prohibited gender discrimination in federally funded education, including sports; an outcome of second-wave feminism.
Domesticity
A sociocultural belief in the ideal of women as caretakers of the home; criticized as a limiting norm by second-wave feminists.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
A United States federal law aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex; associated with the ideals of second-wave feminism.
Seneca Falls Convention
The first women's rights convention held in 1848, marking the beginning of the first wave of feminism in the United States.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Founded in 1966 by feminist leaders including Betty Friedan, NOW is a major advocacy group for women's rights; integral to second-wave feminism.
Consciousness-raising
A form of activism in second-wave feminism where women gathered in groups to discuss their personal experiences with sexism.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution aiming to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex, promoted by second-wave feminists.
Friedan, Betty
An American writer and activist, her work 'The Feminine Mystique' became a cornerstone for the second-wave feminist movement.
Women's Liberation Movement
A collective struggle for equality that was most active during the 1960s and 1970s; a key component of second-wave feminism.
First-wave feminism
The period of feminist activity during the 19th and early 20th centuries that focused on legal issues, primarily on gaining women's suffrage.
Ms. Magazine
Founded by Gloria Steinem and others in 1971, this magazine played a pivotal role in the women's movement by providing a forum for feminist voices during the second-wave feminism.
Wollstonecraft, Mary
An English writer and early feminist philosopher who advocated for women's education, her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' is considered a key first-wave feminist text.
Feminine Mystique
A term coined by Betty Friedan to describe the widespread dissatisfaction among women in mainstream American society during the post-WWII era, critiqued in second-wave feminism.
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