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First-Wave vs. Second-Wave Feminism

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Gloria Steinem

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A leading figure and spokesperson in the second-wave feminist movement; co-founded 'Ms. Magazine' and worked to address issues of equality.

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Ecofeminism

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A branch of feminism that examines the connections between the oppression of women and environmental degradation, emerged during the second-wave feminism.

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De Beauvoir, Simone

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A French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, and political activist, her work 'The Second Sex' is a foundational text for contemporary feminism and inspired second-wave feminism.

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Suffrage Movement

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Focused on legal issues, primarily the right for women to vote; a defining feature of first-wave feminism.

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Women's March on Washington

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A political march that took place in 1913, advocating for women's suffrage in the United States; associated with first-wave feminism.

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19th Amendment

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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granting women the right to vote, ratified in 1920 and associated with the culmination of the first-wave feminism.

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Intersectionality

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The theory that various social identities such as race, gender, and class intersect to create unique modes of discrimination and privilege; became prominent in second-wave feminist discourse.

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Our Bodies, Ourselves

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A book published in 1970 that provided comprehensive information on women's health and sexuality; it was a groundbreaking addition to feminist literature during the second-wave feminism.

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Roe v. Wade

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The landmark 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case that recognized women's constitutional right to abortion; a significant victory for second-wave feminism.

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The personal is political

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A phrase embodying the theory that personal experiences are a reflection of larger social and political structures, widespread during second-wave feminism.

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The Feminine Mystique

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A book by Betty Friedan that is often credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States in 1963.

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Second-wave feminism

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The period of feminist activity that began in the early 1960s and lasted through the late 1980s focused on issues of equality and discrimination beyond suffrage.

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Susan B. Anthony

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An American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement, representative of first-wave feminism.

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Steinem, Gloria

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An American feminist journalist and social political activist, she became nationally recognized as a leader of and media spokeswoman for the second-wave feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

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Reproductive Rights

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Focus on women's control over their own reproductive systems, including the right to abortion; a central issue of second-wave feminism.

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Combahee River Collective

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A Black feminist lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974-1980, which was among the earliest groups to articulate the concept that the liberation of Black women entails freedom for all people, influencing second-wave feminism.

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Betty Friedan

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Author of 'The Feminine Mystique' and a prominent figure in the second-wave feminism, critiquing the traditional roles of women in society.

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Title IX

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Part of the United States Education Amendments of 1972, it prohibited gender discrimination in federally funded education, including sports; an outcome of second-wave feminism.

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Domesticity

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A sociocultural belief in the ideal of women as caretakers of the home; criticized as a limiting norm by second-wave feminists.

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Equal Pay Act of 1963

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A United States federal law aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex; associated with the ideals of second-wave feminism.

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Seneca Falls Convention

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The first women's rights convention held in 1848, marking the beginning of the first wave of feminism in the United States.

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National Organization for Women (NOW)

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Founded in 1966 by feminist leaders including Betty Friedan, NOW is a major advocacy group for women's rights; integral to second-wave feminism.

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Consciousness-raising

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A form of activism in second-wave feminism where women gathered in groups to discuss their personal experiences with sexism.

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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

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A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution aiming to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex, promoted by second-wave feminists.

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Friedan, Betty

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An American writer and activist, her work 'The Feminine Mystique' became a cornerstone for the second-wave feminist movement.

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Women's Liberation Movement

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A collective struggle for equality that was most active during the 1960s and 1970s; a key component of second-wave feminism.

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First-wave feminism

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The period of feminist activity during the 19th and early 20th centuries that focused on legal issues, primarily on gaining women's suffrage.

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Ms. Magazine

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Founded by Gloria Steinem and others in 1971, this magazine played a pivotal role in the women's movement by providing a forum for feminist voices during the second-wave feminism.

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Wollstonecraft, Mary

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An English writer and early feminist philosopher who advocated for women's education, her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' is considered a key first-wave feminist text.

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Feminine Mystique

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A term coined by Betty Friedan to describe the widespread dissatisfaction among women in mainstream American society during the post-WWII era, critiqued in second-wave feminism.

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