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Cytogenetics; discovered transposition and genetic variation in maize.

Physics; first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany and co-discovered nuclear fission.

Neurobiology; discovered nerve growth factor (NGF), crucial to the understanding of cell growth and development.

Computer Science; helped develop software for the Centaur rocket stage, and an advocate for diversity in STEM.

Computer Science; developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

Molecular Biology; co-discovered the enzyme telomerase, with implications for cancer and aging research.

Primatology and Anthropology; known for her study of wild chimpanzees in Tanzania.

Physics; the first African-American woman to earn a doctorate from MIT and current president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Mathematics and Computer Science; wrote the first computer algorithm.

Mathematics; played a crucial role in the success of U.S. spaceflights.

Mathematics and Theoretical Physics; Noether's Theorem, important in theoretical physics and calculus of variations.

Physics and Chemistry; known for her work on radioactivity and winning two Nobel Prizes.

Pharmacology; developed drugs to treat leukemia and herpes and to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants.

Engineering, Medicine; first African American woman to travel in space.

Cryptanalysis; worked at Bletchley Park during World War II and made significant contributions to breaking Enigma ciphers.

Biophysics; key contributor to the understanding of DNA structure.

Biochemistry; known for her work in developing CRISPR-Cas9, a genome editing tool.

Medicine; first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States.

Paleontology; known for contributions to the understanding of Jurassic marine life through her fossil discoveries.

Chemistry; advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules.

Physics; worked on the Manhattan Project and conducted the Wu experiment, which contradicted the hypothetical law of conservation of parity.

Virology; her work led to the discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS.

Physics; first American woman to travel into space.

Biochemistry; the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her work on carbohydrate metabolism.