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Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight, initiating the process of photosynthesis, which is critical for the production of energy-rich glucose that fuels plant growth.

ATP and NADPH are produced during the light-dependent reactions; these molecules store energy and reducing power, respectively, which are later used in the Calvin cycle for synthesizing glucose.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of splitting water molecules during the light-dependent reactions. This oxygen is essential for maintaining Earth's atmosphere and enabling aerobic life.

Carbon dioxide is fixed in the Calvin cycle, where it's attached to a five-carbon sugar to begin the process of glucose formation, which is used as a building block for plant growth and development.

ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-phosphoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a three-carbon sugar, which is the precursor to glucose and other carbohydrates vital for plant structure and energy storage.

The Calvin cycle invests ATP to regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), ensuring a continuous process for CO2 fixation and glucose production which sustains plant growth and the global food chain.

Stomata are openings on the leaf surface that regulate gas exchange; they allow CO2 to enter for photosynthesis and O2 to exit, balancing water conservation with the need for carbon fixation.