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Architectural Terminology
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Keystone
The central, topmost stone of an arch that holds the other stones in place.
Spandrel
The triangular space between the curve of an arch and the rectangle surrounding it.
Voussoir
A wedge-shaped stone that forms the curved part of an arch.
Buttress
A projecting support built against an external wall to brace the wall and counteract lateral (sideways) forces.
Flying Buttress
A free-standing buttress attached to the main structure at one end, and often found in Gothic architecture.
Cornice
A decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element.
Pediment
The triangular upper part of the front of a classical style building, often seen above the entrance.
Column
A vertical pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, that supports an entablature or arch.
Capital
The topmost member of a column or pillar, often decorative, which transitions from the shaft to the lintel.
Shaft
The elongated, vertical part of a column between the base and the capital.
Entablature
The horizontal part in classical architecture that rests on the columns and consists of the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
Architrave
The lowest part of an entablature, resting directly on top of the columns.
Frieze
The wide central section part of an entablature, often decorated with carvings or paintings.
Cornice
The uppermost section of moldings along the top of the entablature in classical architecture.
Dome
A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.
Facade
The face or front of a building, especially an imposing or decorative one.
Gable
The triangular upper part of a wall at the end of a ridged roof.
Lintel
A horizontal support of stone, wood, or metal across the top of a door or window.
Mullion
A vertical bar between the panes of glass in a window.
Pilaster
A rectangular column projecting only slightly from a wall and in classical architecture follows the form of one of the orders.
Portico
A porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls.
Quoin
The external angle of a wall or the stones that form that angle, often in a contrasting color or texture.
Turret
A small tower on top of a larger tower or at the corner of a building, projecting vertically from the building.
Vault
An arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.
Arcade
A series of arches supported by columns or piers, either freestanding or attached to a wall as a decorative feature.
Atrium
A large open space, often several stories high and having a glazed roof and/or large windows, typically found in the entrance of a building.
Balustrade
A railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from falling.
Basilica
A large hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or for public assemblies.
Cantilever
A long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used in bridge construction.
Clerestory
The upper part of a wall containing windows above eye level to admit light.
Cupola
A small, often dome-like structure on top of a building; used to provide light and air.
Fenestration
The design and placement of windows in a building.
Gambrel
A typically symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope being steeper than the higher.
Loggia
A gallery or room with one or more open sides, usually covered, often on an upper floor and extending along the outside of a building.
Mansard Roof
A four-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterized by two slopes on each of its sides with the lower slope, punctured by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper.
Mezzanine
An intermediate level or levels between the floor and ceiling of any story.
Parapet
A low protective wall along the edge of a roof, bridge, or balcony.
Pendentive
A curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.
Pilaster
A rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall.
Plinth
The base or platform upon which a column, pedestal, statue, or structure rests.
Tracery
The stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window.
Transom
A horizontal crossbar in a window, over a door, or between a door and a window or fanlight above it.
Tympanum
The space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway.
Veranda
An open-roofed porch extending along the outside of a building, often partially enclosed by a railing.
Volute
A spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column.
Ziggurat
In ancient Mesopotamian architecture, a tiered pyramidal structure that bears a temple at its summit.
Nave
The central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation.
Apse
A semicircular or polygonal terminator to the choir, chancel, or aisle of a church.
Clerestory
The upper part of a wall that rises above the adjoining roof, which has windows that admit light.
Cloister
A covered walk in a convent, monastery, college, or cathedral, typically with a wall on one side and a colonnade open to a quadrangle on the other.
Compound Arch
An arch that consists of two or more arches of reduced spans superimposed within a larger arch.
Corbel
A projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it, such as a balcony or arch.
Dormer
A window that projects vertically from a sloping roof.
Finial
A distinctive ornament at the apex of a roof, pinnacle, canopy, or similar structure in a building.
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