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Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces, but its true nature is still not fully understood, particularly when it comes to integrating it with quantum mechanics to form a theory of quantum gravity. Discovering its quantum aspects might reveal new insights into the fabric of spacetime.

Neutrinos are elementary particles that were long thought to be massless. However, experiments show that they have a small, yet non-zero mass, which is not accounted for by the Standard Model of particle physics. The origin and implications of neutrino mass remain one of the great unanswered questions in physics.

The black hole information paradox arises from the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity, suggesting that physical information could permanently disappear in a black hole, violating quantum theory's tenet of information conservation. Resolving this paradox is crucial for a full understanding of quantum gravity.

Baryon asymmetry is the observation that there is an imbalance between baryonic matter (matter) and anti-matter in the universe. The Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter, but the universe we observe is dominated by matter. The reasons behind this asymmetry are still unknown, and discovering them could provide pivotal insights into the laws of physics and the early universe.

Dark matter is an unidentified type of matter that constitutes approximately 27% of the mass and energy in the observable universe. Its presence is implied by its gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and the large-scale structure of the universe. Despite being pervasive, dark matter does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it extremely challenging to detect with existing astronomical instruments.

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that makes up about 68% of the universe and is responsible for its accelerated expansion. The nature of dark energy is still unknown, and understanding it is crucial for cosmology because it helps explain why the expansion of the universe is speeding up instead of slowing down due to gravity.

Some anomalies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the radiation left over from the Big Bang, do not fit the standard cosmological model well. These anomalies could suggest new physics or cosmological features yet to be understood, such as the Cold Spot or the CMB's large-scale anomalies.