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Real Estate Appraisal Essentials
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Market Value
The most probable price that a property should bring in a competitive and open market under all conditions requisite to a fair sale.
Appraisal
The process of developing an opinion of the value for real property.
Comparative Market Analysis (CMA)
A process used to determine the value of a property by comparing it to similar properties in the same area that have been recently sold.
Sales Comparison Approach
A real estate valuation method that compares a property to similar properties that have recently sold in the same area.
Cost Approach
A method of calculating the value of a property by adding the land's value to the current cost of constructing the property minus depreciation.
Income Capitalization Approach
A real estate appraisal method that converts future income into a present value to determine the value of a property primarily used for income generation.
Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)
The generally recognized ethical and performance standards for the appraisal profession in the United States.
Highest and Best Use
The reasonably probable and legal use of vacant land or an improved property that is physically possible, appropriately supported, financially feasible, and that results in the highest value.
Appraisal Report
A detailed written report on the value of a property based on an appraiser's analysis and the data used to support this analysis.
Reconciliation
The process of analyzing and effectively weighing the findings from the various approaches to value to arrive at a final value estimation.
Depreciation
In real estate appraisal, the reduction in the value of a property due to physical wear and tear, age, or obsolescence.
Excess Land
Land that is not needed to serve or support the existing improvement. The highest and best use of the excess land may or may not be the same as the improved parcel.
External Obsolescence
A form of depreciation where the loss in value is due to external factors, such as changes in environmental, social, or economic factors, or other conditions that may affect the property value.
Functional Obsolescence
Loss in value due to factors in the property that are less efficient or desirable due to design or stylistic features that are outdated or inadequate.
Physical Deterioration
The loss of value of a real estate property due to wear and tear, decay, or damage from use, neglect, or environmental conditions.
Site Valuation
The process of estimating the value of a parcel of land without considering any improvements on the site.
Direct Capitalization
A method in the income capitalization approach where a single year's income expectancy is divided by a capitalization rate to derive a property value.
Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)
A rough measure of the value of an income-producing property. It is calculated by dividing the property's sale price by its gross annual rental income.
Bundle of Rights
The various interests, benefits, and rights inherent in the ownership of real estate, which may include the right of possession, control, exclusion, enjoyment, and disposition.
Capitalization Rate
The rate of return on a real estate investment property based on the income that the property is expected to generate.
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