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This paradigm is used for finding all (or some) solutions to some computational problems, notably constraint satisfaction problems, that incrementally build candidates to the solutions, and abandons a candidate ('backtracks') as soon as it determines that this candidate cannot possibly be completed to a valid solution. Example: The N-Queens problem.

A method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems, solving each of these subproblems just once, and storing their solutions - typically using a memory-based data structure (array, map, etc.). Example: Fibonacci sequence calculation.

A heuristic that makes the locally optimal choice at each stage with the hope of finding a global optimum. Example: Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths.