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Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. Example: transforming a single table with repeated information into multiple tables with unique information and references between them.

The ER Model is a conceptual tool for designing databases, using entities, attributes, and relationships to represent data. Example: An ER diagram represents customers and orders as entities with a relationship between them.

A primary key is a unique identifier for a row in a table and is used to ensure data integrity. Example: Using a 'customer_ID' as a primary key in a 'Customers' table.

A foreign key is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that provides a link between data in two tables. Example: An 'order_ID' in an 'Orders' table that references the 'ID' in a 'Customers' table.

ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability and is a set of properties that guarantee database transactions are processed reliably. Example: A bank transaction is processed as a single unit and persists even after a system failure.

Indexing is the technique of optimizing database searches by creating a data structure that improves retrieval speeds. Example: An index on a 'last_name' column to expedite searches in a large 'Employees' table.

Referential integrity ensures that the relationship between tables remains consistent, such that the foreign key in one table always refers to a valid primary key in another. Example: Deleting a customer record also deletes related orders.

TCL is a subset of SQL commands used to manage the changes made by DML statements, providing transaction management. Example: Commands like COMMIT and ROLLBACK to finalize or undo data modifications.

DDL consists of SQL commands that define the database structure. Example: Commands like CREATE, DROP, and ALTER to create, remove, or modify database objects.

DML is a subset of SQL commands used to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from a database. Example: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT statements.

SQL is a standard language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. Example: 'SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='USA';' retrieves all customer records from the USA.