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Tourism Planning Models
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Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)
Describes the stages a tourist area goes through from discovery to decline: Exploration, Involvement, Development, Consolidation, Stagnation, and post-stagnation phases (Decline or Rejuvenation).
Leiper's Model of Whole Tourism Systems
Identifies the geographical elements of tourism and their relationships: The Traveller-Generating Region, The Transit Route Region, and The Tourist Destination Region.
Plog's Model of Tourist Types
Classifies tourists based on personality characteristics along a continuum from allocentric to psychocentric, suggesting their destination preferences change along the continuum.
Baud-Bovy and Lawson’s Model of Tourism Planning
Emphasizes the importance of three main components in tourism planning: the resource base, the market, and the host community.
The Tourism System Model by Mill and Morrison
Outlines six components that interact within the tourism system: demand, supply, space & time, communication & information, promotion, and price.
Gunn’s Model of Tourism Planning
Addresses seven elements essential for the development of a tourist destination: attraction, accessibility, amenities, accommodation, activities, ancillary services, and administration.
Murphy’s Model of Tourism Planning
Highlights a community approach, integrating the interests of tourists, the tourism industry, and local residents, focusing on sustainable development.
Pearce’s Tourism System
Combines elements of Leiper’s Model with a dynamic component, identifying four interrelated parts: the market, the traveler, the destination, and the industry.
Morrison’s Destination Management Model
Focuses on Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) and their role in the strategic planning and marketing of a destination to meet the needs of tourists.
The ARA Model (Attractors, Realms, Agents)
Places importance on the attractions that draw tourists, the settings in which tourism takes place (realms), and the agents that facilitate tourism.
Doi’s Tourism Planning Paradigm
A holistic approach to planning which includes analysis of the physical, economic, social, and cultural environments, aiming at integrated and sustainable tourism development.
Inskeep’s Tourism Planning Model
Focuses on the integration of tourism planning with other types of land use planning, emphasizing the need for coordination among different sectors and levels of government.
The 6A’s of Tourism
Stands for Attractions, Accessibility, Amenities, Available packages, Activities, and Ancillary services, framing components needed for a successful tourism destination.
Hall’s Integrated Model for Sustainable Tourism
Seeks to balance ecological, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development to attain long-term sustainability.
Ioannides and Debbage’s Model of Tourism Systems
Analyzes the tourism industry from a stakeholders' perspective to understand interactions between the private sector, the community, and the environment in tourism development.
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