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Founder of modern nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods.

The first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States.

Pioneered antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds.

Developed the Apgar Score, a quick test to assess the health of newborn children immediately after birth.

The 'Father of Medicine' who established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath) for doctors.

Co-inventor of the first oral contraceptive pill.

Contributed to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure.

Developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine.

Performed the world’s first successful human-to-human heart transplant.

Described completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart.

Developed the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

Discovered penicillin, the first true antibiotic.

Developed psychoanalysis, a method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Invented the stethoscope and pioneered its use in diagnosing chest conditions.

Conducted the first human catheterisation of the heart, contributing to the development of cardiac catheterization and angiography.

Discovered X-rays, which led to the development of modern radiography.

Revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of medicine by providing detailed anatomical descriptions.

Founded the field of bacteriology and discovered the anthrax bacillus and the tuberculosis bacillus.

Pioneered the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.

Pioneered drug research that led to the development of new drugs to treat cancer and viral diseases.

Discovered that hand-washing dramatically reduced the incidence of puerperal fever among childbirth patients.

Pioneered the use of chloroform as an anesthetic for childbirth and surgery.

Discovered the major blood groups and the Rhesus factor, enabling safe blood transfusions.

The first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope.