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Developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine.

Pioneered the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.

Founded the field of bacteriology and discovered the anthrax bacillus and the tuberculosis bacillus.

Pioneered the use of chloroform as an anesthetic for childbirth and surgery.

Performed the world’s first successful human-to-human heart transplant.

Revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of medicine by providing detailed anatomical descriptions.

Invented the stethoscope and pioneered its use in diagnosing chest conditions.

The 'Father of Medicine' who established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath) for doctors.

Founder of modern nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods.

Developed psychoanalysis, a method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Pioneered drug research that led to the development of new drugs to treat cancer and viral diseases.

Described completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart.

The first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States.

Discovered the major blood groups and the Rhesus factor, enabling safe blood transfusions.

Developed the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

Discovered that hand-washing dramatically reduced the incidence of puerperal fever among childbirth patients.

Pioneered antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds.

Discovered penicillin, the first true antibiotic.

Discovered X-rays, which led to the development of modern radiography.

Conducted the first human catheterisation of the heart, contributing to the development of cardiac catheterization and angiography.

Worked on purifying penicillin, which became the first widely used antibiotic in the world.

Contributed to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure.

Co-inventor of the first oral contraceptive pill.

Developed the Apgar Score, a quick test to assess the health of newborn children immediately after birth.