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Literary Terms and Definitions
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Allegory
A narrative with a symbolic meaning that extends beyond the literal, often reflecting moral or political issues.
Alliteration
The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
Allusion
A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance.
Anachronism
An error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece, where something is out of place in time.
Antagonist
A character, group of characters, or other force that presents an obstacle or is in direct conflict with the protagonist.
Anthropomorphism
Attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities like animals or deities.
Archetype
A typical character, action, or situation that represents universal patterns of human nature.
Catharsis
The emotional release felt by the audience of a tragedy, resulting in purification or renewal.
Climax
The most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex.
Denouement
The final part of a narrative where the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.
Dystopia
An imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic.
Euphemism
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
Foreshadowing
A literary device used to give an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.
Hyperbole
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
Irony
The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
Juxtaposition
The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.
Metaphor
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
Motif
A recurring symbol which takes on a figurative meaning and contributes toward the theme.
Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.
Paradox
A statement that contradicts itself but might include a latent truth.
Pathos
A quality of an experience in life, or a work of art, that stirs up emotions of pity, sympathy, and sorrow.
Protagonist
The main character in a story, play, novel, or other narrative who drives the action forward and is often the hero.
Satire
A genre of literature that uses humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.
Simile
A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion).
Symbolism
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities, giving those symbols significant meanings beyond their literal sense.
Theme
The central topic, subject, or message within a narrative.
Tone
The general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.
Tragedy
A form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences.
Understatement
The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.
Unreliable Narrator
A narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised.
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