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Literary Terms and Definitions

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Dystopia

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An imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic.

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Euphemism

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A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

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Catharsis

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The emotional release felt by the audience of a tragedy, resulting in purification or renewal.

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Alliteration

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The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

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Archetype

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A typical character, action, or situation that represents universal patterns of human nature.

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Antagonist

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A character, group of characters, or other force that presents an obstacle or is in direct conflict with the protagonist.

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Juxtaposition

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The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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Symbolism

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The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities, giving those symbols significant meanings beyond their literal sense.

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Paradox

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A statement that contradicts itself but might include a latent truth.

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Allusion

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A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance.

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Theme

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The central topic, subject, or message within a narrative.

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Allegory

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A narrative with a symbolic meaning that extends beyond the literal, often reflecting moral or political issues.

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Climax

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The most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex.

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Anachronism

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An error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece, where something is out of place in time.

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Irony

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The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

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Anthropomorphism

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Attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities like animals or deities.

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Oxymoron

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A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.

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Protagonist

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The main character in a story, play, novel, or other narrative who drives the action forward and is often the hero.

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Denouement

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The final part of a narrative where the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.

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Metaphor

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A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

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Foreshadowing

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A literary device used to give an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.

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Pathos

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A quality of an experience in life, or a work of art, that stirs up emotions of pity, sympathy, and sorrow.

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Satire

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A genre of literature that uses humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

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Hyperbole

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Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

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Simile

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A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion).

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Motif

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A recurring symbol which takes on a figurative meaning and contributes toward the theme.

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Tone

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The general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.

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Understatement

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The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.

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Unreliable Narrator

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A narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised.

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Tragedy

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A form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences.

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