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Author: Jean-François Lyotard. Main argument: Lyotard asserts that the grand narratives that once made sense of the world have lost their power, leading to a condition of knowledge fragmentation and skepticism toward universal truths.

Author: Espen J. Aarseth. Main argument: Aarseth discusses the emergence of ergodic literature, where the reader must perform nontrivial effort to traverse the text, thus becoming a significant part of the literary process.

Author: John Barth. Main argument: Barth claims that traditional literary forms are exhausted and that contemporary writers should be innovative and explore new narrative techniques.

Author: Fredric Jameson. Main argument: The essay argues that postmodernism is correlated with the historical and cultural period of late capitalism and encompasses a new mode of cultural production.

Author: Roland Barthes. Main argument: This essay promotes the idea that a text does not need to be interpreted through the lens of authorial intent and that the author's identity should not influence the meaning of the work.

Author: Harold Bloom. Main argument: Bloom discusses the struggle that new poets face in attempting to overcome the influence of previous poets and suggests the idea of 'poetic misreading' as a strategy for achieving originality.

Author: Roland Barthes. Main argument: Barthes uses Japan as a model to show how sign systems can be completely different from the Western semiological system, thus deconstructing the idea of a universal understanding of signs.

Author: Jacques Derrida. Main argument: Derrida engages with the topic of deconstruction and offers critiques of theories put forward by J.L. Austin regarding speech act theory.

Author: Fredric Jameson. Main argument: Jameson argues that all literary texts, consciously or not, are political and ideological, and by analyzing them, one can reveal the social and historical systems they represent.

Author: Jean Baudrillard. Main argument: Baudrillard posits that in the postmodern era, simulations, or copies of things that never actually existed, have become more real to us than reality itself.

Author: Michel Foucault. Main argument: Foucault examines the role and the concept of the 'author' and how it functions as a classification in the realms of literature and writing.