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Geometry Theorems

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Area of a Triangle

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The area (A) of a triangle with base (b) and height (h) is given by A=12bhA = \frac{1}{2}bh.

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Butterfly Theorem

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Given a circle with a chord PQ and a midpoint M, if two other chords AB and CD pass through M and intersect PQ at X and Y respectively, then M is the midpoint of XY.

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Orthocenter

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The orthocenter of a triangle is the point where the three altitudes, or the lines extended from them, intersect.

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Circumference of a Circle

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The circumference (C) of a circle with radius (r) is given by C=2πrC = 2\pi r.

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Angle Bisector Theorem

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The angle bisector of an angle in a triangle divides the opposite side into two segments that are proportional to the lengths of the other two sides of the triangle.

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Euler's Polyhedron Formula

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For any convex polyhedron, the number of vertices (V), faces (F), and edges (E) satisfy the relationship VE+F=2V - E + F = 2.

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Euler Line

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In every non-equilateral triangle, the orthocenter (H), centroid (G), and circumcenter (O) are collinear, and the centroid is between the orthocenter and the circumcenter on this line, known as the Euler line.

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Menelaus's Theorem

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Given a triangle ABC and a transversal line intersecting the extended sides AB and AC at points L and M, and intersecting side BC at N, then Menelaus's Theorem states that the points L, M, and N are collinear if and only if BLLCCMMAANNB=1\frac{BL}{LC} \cdot \frac{CM}{MA} \cdot \frac{AN}{NB} = 1.

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Morley's Theorem

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In any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle, known as the Morley triangle.

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Central Angle Theorem

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In a circle, the central angle subtended by two points on the circle is twice the inscribed angle subtended by those points.

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Napoleon's Theorem

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If equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle (either all outwardly or all inwardly), the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.

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Triangle Inequality Theorem

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For any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides must be greater than the length of the remaining side.

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Ceva's Theorem

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In a triangle, three cevians (lines drawn from each vertex to the opposite side) are concurrent (intersect at a single point) if and only if AFFBBDDCCEEA=1\frac{AF}{FB} \cdot \frac{BD}{DC} \cdot \frac{CE}{EA} = 1, where the points D, E, and F lie on the sides of the triangle.

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Heron's Formula

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The area (A) of a triangle with sides a, b, and c and semi-perimeter (s) is given by A=s(sa)(sb)(sc)A = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}, where s=a+b+c2s = \frac{a+b+c}{2}.

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Nine Point Circle Theorem

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There exists a circle in any non-degenerate triangle that passes through the midpoint of each side, the foot of each altitude, and the midpoint of the line segment from each vertex to the orthocenter.

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Area of a Circle

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The area (A) of a circle with radius (r) is given by A=πr2A = \pi r^2.

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Simson Line Theorem

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Given a triangle ABC, and a point P on its circumcircle, the feet of the perpendiculars dropped from P to the sides of ABC (or their extensions) are collinear, and this line is known as the Simson line of point P.

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Incenter

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The incenter of a triangle is the point where the three angle bisectors of the triangle intersect, and it is the center of the inscribed circle (incircle).

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Circumcenter

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The circumcenter of a triangle is the point where the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle intersect, and it is the center of the circumscribed circle (circumcircle).

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Pythagorean Theorem

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In a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (c) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides (a and b). i.e., a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2.

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Stewart's Theorem

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For a triangle with sides a, b, and c and a cevian of length d dividing side a into segments of length m and n, Stewart’s Theorem is given by b2m+c2n=a(d2+mn)b^2m + c^2n = a(d^2 + mn).

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Centroid

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The centroid of a triangle is the point where the three medians of the triangle intersect, and it serves as the triangle's center of mass.

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Parallel Postulate

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Given a line and a point not on the line, there is exactly one line parallel to the given line that passes through the point.

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Carnot's Theorem

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For any triangle ABC, with the respective lengths opposite to the angles being a, b, and c, and the length from each vertex to the circumcenter being OaO_a, ObO_b, and OcO_c, Carnot's Theorem is the condition Oa2a2=Ob2b2=Oc2c2O_a^2 - a^2 = O_b^2 - b^2 = O_c^2 - c^2.

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Ptolemy's Theorem

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For a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle (cyclic quadrilateral), if the lengths of the sides are a, b, c, and d, and the lengths of the diagonals are e and f, then Ptolemy’s Theorem states ac+bd=efac + bd = ef.

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Desargues' Theorem

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Two triangles are in perspective axially if and only if they are in perspective centrally; which means that the corresponding sides intersect in collinear points, or their extensions do.

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Law of Cosines

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In any triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, and the angle opposite of side c being gamma (γ\gamma), the Law of Cosines states c2=a2+b22abcos(γ)c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos(\gamma).

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Law of Sines

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For any triangle with sides a, b, c and angles alpha (α\alpha), beta (β\beta), and gamma (γ\gamma), the Law of Sines states asin(α)=bsin(β)=csin(γ)\frac{a}{\sin(\alpha)} = \frac{b}{\sin(\beta)} = \frac{c}{\sin(\gamma)}.

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Fermat's Point Theorem

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For any triangle that is not equilateral, there is a point such that the total distance from the three vertices of the triangle to this point is minimized. This point is known as Fermat's point or Torricelli point.

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Miquel's Theorem

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In a triangle with three points, each lying on one side of the triangle, the circumcircles of the triangles formed with these points and the original triangle's vertices concur at a single point, known as Miquel's point.

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