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Basic Combinatorics Terminology

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Binomial Coefficient

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The number of ways to choose a subset of k elements from a set of n elements without regard to the order of selection.

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Factorial

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The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer.

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Combination

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A selection of objects where order does not matter.

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Multinomial Coefficient

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The number of ways to divide n items into multiple groups of various sizes.

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Inclusion-Exclusion Principle

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A principle used to compute the cardinality of the union of multiple sets by including the cardinalities of the sets and excluding the cardinalities of their pairwise, triple-wise, etc., intersections.

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Difference of Sets

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The set of elements that are in one set but not in another.

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Set

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A collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.

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Disjoint Sets

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Two or more sets that have no element in common.

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Cardinality of a Set

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The number of elements in a set.

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Binomial Theorem

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A formula for expressing the powers of sums, which generalizes the binomial coefficients.

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Symmetric Difference of Sets

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The set of elements that are in either of two sets but not in their intersection.

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Permutation

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An arrangement of objects in a specific order.

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Permutation of Multisets

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The number of unique arrangements of a multiset where repetitions of elements are allowed.

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Power Set

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The set of all subsets of a set, including the empty set and the set itself.

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Union of Sets

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The set containing all elements from all sets being considered.

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Cartesian Product

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The set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in set A and b is in set B.

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Ordered Pair

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A pair of elements with order being significant, typically denoted as (a, b).

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Subset

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A set of which all elements are also contained in another set.

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Intersection of Sets

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The set containing all elements that are common to all sets being considered.

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Pigeonhole Principle

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A principle that states if n items are put into m containers, with n > m, then at least one container must contain more than one item.

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