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Basic Combinatorics Terminology
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Factorial
The product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive integer.
Permutation
An arrangement of objects in a specific order.
Combination
A selection of objects where order does not matter.
Binomial Coefficient
The number of ways to choose a subset of k elements from a set of n elements without regard to the order of selection.
Binomial Theorem
A formula for expressing the powers of sums, which generalizes the binomial coefficients.
Multinomial Coefficient
The number of ways to divide n items into multiple groups of various sizes.
Pigeonhole Principle
A principle that states if n items are put into m containers, with n > m, then at least one container must contain more than one item.
Inclusion-Exclusion Principle
A principle used to compute the cardinality of the union of multiple sets by including the cardinalities of the sets and excluding the cardinalities of their pairwise, triple-wise, etc., intersections.
Cartesian Product
The set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in set A and b is in set B.
Permutation of Multisets
The number of unique arrangements of a multiset where repetitions of elements are allowed.
Set
A collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.
Subset
A set of which all elements are also contained in another set.
Power Set
The set of all subsets of a set, including the empty set and the set itself.
Disjoint Sets
Two or more sets that have no element in common.
Union of Sets
The set containing all elements from all sets being considered.
Intersection of Sets
The set containing all elements that are common to all sets being considered.
Difference of Sets
The set of elements that are in one set but not in another.
Symmetric Difference of Sets
The set of elements that are in either of two sets but not in their intersection.
Cardinality of a Set
The number of elements in a set.
Ordered Pair
A pair of elements with order being significant, typically denoted as (a, b).
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