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Combinatorial Identities

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Derangement Formula

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The number of derangements of nn items is !n=n!k=0n(1)kk!!n = n! \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{(-1)^k}{k!}.

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Fundamental Counting Principle

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If there are nn ways to do one thing, and mm ways to do another, then there are n×mn \times m ways to do both.

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Permutation of a Set

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The number of ways to arrange nn distinct objects is n!n! (factorial).

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Binomial Theorem

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The expansion of (x+y)n(x+y)^n is given by k=0n(nk)xnkyk\sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k}x^{n-k}y^k.

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Hockey-Stick Identity

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For nrn \geq r, (rr)+(r+1r)+...+(nr)=(n+1r+1)\binom{r}{r} + \binom{r+1}{r} + ... + \binom{n}{r} = \binom{n+1}{r+1}.

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Stirling's Approximation for Factorials

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n!2πn(ne)nn! \approx \sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n for large nn.

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Catalan Numbers

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Cn=1n+1(2nn)C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n} is the nthn^{th} Catalan number.

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Pascal's Identity

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(nk)=(n1k1)+(n1k)\binom{n}{k} = \binom{n-1}{k-1} + \binom{n-1}{k} for 1kn1 \leq k \leq n.

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Permutations of Multisets

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If a set has nn objects with n1,n2,...,nrn_1, n_2, ..., n_r indistinguishable objects respectively, the number of distinct permutations is n!n1!n2!...nr!\frac{n!}{n_1! n_2! ... n_r!}.

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Vandermonde's Identity

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(m+nr)=k=0r(mk)(nrk)\binom{m+n}{r} = \sum_{k=0}^{r} \binom{m}{k} \binom{n}{r-k} for 0rm+n0 \leq r \leq m+n.

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Multinomial Theorem

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The expansion of (x1+x2+...+xk)n(x_1+x_2+...+x_k)^n is given by n!n1!n2!...nk!x1n1x2n2...xknk\sum \frac{n!}{n_1!n_2!...n_k!}x_1^{n_1}x_2^{n_2}...x_k^{n_k}, where the sum is taken over all non-negative integer sequences (n1,...,nk)(n_1,...,n_k) such that ni=n\sum n_i = n.

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Combination with Repetition

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The number of combinations of nn items taken kk at a time with repetition allowed is (n+k1k)\binom{n+k-1}{k}.

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Partition of a Set

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The number of ways to divide a set of nn objects into kk non-empty subsets is given by Stirling numbers of the second kind, S(n,k)S(n, k).

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Combination of a Set

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The number of ways to choose kk items from nn items without regard to order is (nk)=n!k!(nk)!\binom{n}{k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}.

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Permutations with Repetition

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nrn^r is the number of ways to choose rr items from nn items with replacement.

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