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A scale is a sequence of musical notes in ascending or descending order.

A chord is a combination of three or more pitches sounded simultaneously.

A pitch is a perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a frequency-related scale.

A key signature is a set of sharp or flat symbols placed together on the staff, which defines the key of the piece of music.

A time signature indicates the number of beats in each measure and what kind of note gets one beat.

Melody is a linear sequence of notes that the listener perceives as a single entity.

Modulation is the process of changing from one key to another within a piece.

Tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece of music, typically described by beats per minute (BPM).

Augmentation is a compositional technique where a melody, theme, or motif is presented in longer note values than were previously used.

Consonance refers to the combination of notes that are in harmony with each other due to the frequency relationship between their sounds.

Dal Segno, abbreviated D.S., is a musical term meaning 'from the sign,' directing the musician to go back to the sign (𝄋) and continue from there.

A coda is a concluding section of a musical composition that typically brings the piece to an end.

The dominant is the fifth scale degree of the diatonic scale, which is considered the second most important note after the tonic.

Transposition is the process of moving a collection of notes (melody, chord, scale) up or down in pitch by a constant interval.

Harmony refers to the use of simultaneous pitches or chords, and the study of their construction and progression.

Diminution is the process of shortening the note values of a melody, theme, or motif.

Counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines which are harmonically interdependent but independent in rhythm and contour.

Sonata Form is a three-part musical structure consisting of an exposition, development, and recapitulation, often followed by a coda.

A tritone is an interval made up of three whole tones, which spans six semitones.

Relative minor and major are scales that have the same key signatures but different tonal centers.

An arpeggio is a broken chord where the notes are played or sung in sequence, one after the other, rather than simultaneously.

Syncopation involves accenting a beat that would normally be unaccented.

An interval is the distance between two pitches.

Rhythm is the pattern of sounds and silences in time.

Da Capo, abbreviated D.C., is a musical term meaning 'from the beginning,' instructing the musician to repeat the music from the start.

Dynamics in music refer to the volume at which music is played, and the changes in volume over time.

Meter is the repetitive pattern of strong and weak beats in music.

A cadence is a melodic or harmonic configuration that creates a sense of resolution.

An accidental is a note whose pitch is not a member of a scale indicated by the most recent key signature.

Staccato is a musical performance technique where each note is played sharply and detached from the others.

Forte is a dynamic in music that indicates a loud volume.

Ostinato is a musical phrase or rhythm that is repeated continuously.

Piano is a dynamic in music that indicates a soft volume.

Form refers to the structure of a piece of music.

Dissonance refers to the combination of notes that sounds unstable, or tense, due to the clashing frequency relationship between their sounds.

Polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices.

Mode is a type of musical scale coupled with a set of characteristic melodic behaviors.

The tonic is the first scale degree of a diatonic scale and the tonal center or final resolution tone.

A fermata is a symbol above a note or rest indicating that it should be held longer than its normal duration.

Legato is a musical performance technique that produces fluid, continuous motion between notes.