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Time Period: Founded in the 9th Century BCE, demolished in 146 BCE, Notable Achievements: Powerful maritime trade, Hannibal's military campaigns against Rome, Development of the Tophet

Time Period: About 1070 BCE to 350 CE, Notable Achievements: Expertise in Iron smelting, Construction of Pyramids at Meroë, Maintenance of a strong military and trade relations

Time Period: Approximately 100 CE to 940 CE, Notable Achievements: Creation of the Aksumite currency, Important trading nation with the Roman Empire, Establishment of one of the earliest Christian churches

Time Period: 1st Century CE to around the 7th Century CE, Notable Achievements: Early adoption of Christianity, Development of the Ge'ez script, Mastery of Terrace farming

Time Period: Around 300 BCE to 300 CE, Notable Achievements: Development of the Meroitic script, Elaborate royal burials, Strong matrilineal culture

Time Period: Around 500 BCE to 700 CE, Notable Achievements: Construction of a sophisticated underground irrigation system (foggara), Skilled chariot warriors, Oasis-based urban centers

Time Period: Around 3100 BCE to 30 BCE, Notable Achievements: Construction of the Pyramids, Development of Hieroglyphics, Advanced Astronomy

Time Period: Trading partner with Egypt by the 25th Century BCE, Notable Achievements: Rich in resources like ebony, gold, and myrrh, Mysterious and exotic land for Egyptians, Long-distance trade expeditions

Time Period: Early settlement around 3500 BCE, kingdoms until 1504 CE, Notable Achievements: Trade center for ivory, gold, and other goods, Cultural exchanges with Egypt, Construction of monumental structures

Time Period: c. 6th to 15th centuries CE, Notable Achievements: One of the three Christian Nubian kingdoms, Maintained independence from the Arab world for much of its history, Architectural advancements including cathedrals and monasteries

Time Period: Approximately 11th to 15th centuries CE, Notable Achievements: Refined artistic tradition, particularly in terracotta and bronze, City-state structure with a divine king (Ooni), Religious and cultural influence over the Yoruba region

Time Period: c. 1450 to 1629 CE, Notable Achievements: Dominance over gold trade in the region, Ritualistic monarchy with religious and political power, Establishment of stone complexes like Khami and Danangombe

Time Period: c. 202 to 46 BCE, Notable Achievements: Skilled Numidian cavalry aided in various wars, Alliance and conflicts with Rome, Eventually became a Roman province

Time Period: c. 1075 to 1220 CE, Notable Achievements: Early class distinction and social stratification, Creation of gold and ivory artifacts, Early development of trade with China and India

Time Period: Around 300 CE to 1200 CE, Notable Achievements: Wealth built on gold and salt trade, Introduction of the camel increased long-distance trade, Central authority with a complex social structure

Time Period: c. 340 to 1312 CE, Notable Achievements: The Baqt Treaty with the Arab Caliphate, ensuring peace and trade, Development of Nubian pottery and frescoes, The Cathedral of Faras with its religious art

Time Period: c. 11th to 15th centuries CE, Notable Achievements: Stone architecture exemplified by the Great Enclosure, Sophisticated trade network throughout Africa and to Asia, Metalworking and gold trade

Time Period: 1180 to 1897 CE, Notable Achievements: High-quality bronze artistry, sophisticated court protocol, and governance, Construction of extensive defensive walls and moats

Time Period: c. early 4th to late 15th centuries CE, Notable Achievements: One of the early Christian kingdoms, Maintained a strong army, Influence on the Coptic Church

Time Period: 700 to 1893 CE, Notable Achievements: Introduction of the Islamic religion and scholarship, Construction of impressive fortresses and compounds, Trade in salt, slaves, ivory, and other goods

Time Period: c. 1390 to 1914 CE, Notable Achievements: A centralized state with complex political institutions, Extensive trade with Europeans in metals and ivory, Diplomacy and resistance against Portuguese incursions

Time Period: c. 1464 to 1591 CE, Notable Achievements: Successful administration of a vast territory, Great Mosque of Djenné, Contributions to mathematics and astronomy

Time Period: c. 1230 to 1600 CE, Notable Achievements: Wealth and cultural achievements under Mansa Musa's reign, Timbuktu as a center of learning and trade, Development of the griot tradition

Time Period: c. 5th to 16th centuries CE, Notable Achievements: Terracotta figurines, Development of iron technology, Establishment of trade links with North African and Arabian merchants