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Basics of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

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Main Sequence

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A continuous and distinctive band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness. These stars are in a stable phase of hydrogen burning.

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Red Giant

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A large star with a cool surface located on the upper-right part of the H-R diagram. These are stars in a later stage of evolution where hydrogen fusion occurs in a shell around the core.

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Turnoff Point

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The point on the H-R diagram where stars begin to leave the main sequence and start to become red giants or other evolved types.

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Instability Strip

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A region on the H-R diagram where many variable stars are found. This includes pulsating variables like Cepheids, which vary in brightness and temperature.

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White Dwarf

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A small, hot, and dense star in the lower-left of the H-R diagram. This is the final evolutionary stage of stars with masses similar to the sun, where no fusion is occurring.

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Protostar

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The stage of stellar evolution preceding the main sequence. In the H-R diagram, these forming stars fall on a path known as the Hayashi track, from the main sequence's right edge downward.

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Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB)

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A region of the H-R diagram above the main sequence and red giant branch, associated with cool, luminous stars that have begun to fuse helium in a shell surrounding a core of carbon and oxygen.

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Zero Age Main Sequence (ZAMS)

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The line in the H-R diagram where stars begin stable hydrogen fusion in their cores. This is the stage where a star enters the main sequence.

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Supergiant

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Extremely luminous stars with different temperature ranges represented in the upper part of the H-R diagram. They are massive stars in the late stage of stellar evolution.

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Horizontal Branch

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An area of the H-R diagram where post-main sequence stars burn helium in their cores and hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. These stars have roughly the same luminosity, varying more in temperature.

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