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Discoveries Made by Hubble Space Telescope
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Gravitational Waves
Though not directly detecting gravitational waves, Hubble's follow-up observations of the events have provided further insight into the nature of these ripples in space-time caused by massive astronomical events like black hole collisions.
Large-scale Structure of the Universe
Observations by Hubble have contributed to mapping the large-scale structure of the universe, including the distribution of galaxies and vast voids, enhancing our understanding of cosmic web.
Reionization Epoch
Hubble has provided insights into the universe's reionization epoch, the era when the first stars and galaxies formed and their light began to clear the opaque fog of hydrogen that filled the early universe.
Supernova 1987A
Hubble's long-term observation of Supernova 1987A has shed light on the aftermath of this stellar explosion, providing unprecedented detail on the structure of the remnant and its interaction with surrounding material.
Extragalactic Background Light
Measurements by Hubble of the extragalactic background light have helped to set constraints on the total amount of light produced by all the galaxies over the history of the universe, offering a glimpse into its star-formation history.
Galactic Collisions
Hubble has documented numerous instances of galaxies colliding and merging, providing valuable insights into galaxy evolution and the gravitational forces at play in such interactions.
Kuiper Belt Objects
Using Hubble, astronomers have been able to discover and study objects in the Kuiper Belt, a region of the solar system beyond Neptune, which contains small bodies and dwarf planets.
Planetary Nebulas
Hubble's high-resolution images of these dying stars have helped demystify the final stages of stellar evolution for stars like our Sun, showing beautifully intricate patterns of the expelled gas.
Hubble's Law
Through Hubble, the linearity of Hubble's Law, which states that the velocity at which a galaxy recedes is directly proportional to its distance, has been further confirmed, and the value for the Hubble constant has been refined.
Gamma-Ray Bursts
Hubble has observed the optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts, which are the brightest electromagnetic events known to occur in the universe, helping to determine their distances and the nature of the galaxies in which they occur.
Exoplanet Atmospheres
The telescope has been used to detect and analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets by observing the spectrum of light as a planet passes its star, leading to inferences about their composition.
Star Formation
The telescope has observed sites of active star formation in nebulas, revealing the processes and conditions necessary for stars to form, including the interaction of stellar wind with surrounding gas.
Cosmic Distance Ladder
Hubble's observations have improved the cosmic distance ladder measurements, a method used to determine distances to celestial objects, by better calibration of standard candles such as Cepheid variables and Type Ia supernovae.
Black Holes in Galaxy Centers
The telescope has provided strong evidence for the existence of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, through observations of gas and stellar motions around galactic nuclei.
Jupiter's Great Red Spot
Hubble's high-resolution imaging has monitored changes in the size and color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, contributing to studies on weather patterns and atmospheric dynamics on the gas giant.
Age of the Universe
Hubble has helped narrow down the age of the universe to about 13.8 billion years, by observing Cepheid variables in distant galaxies and refining the Hubble Constant, the rate of the universe's expansion.
Dark Matter
Hubble has been essential in detecting dark matter indirectly via gravitational lensing, which is the warping of space-time by massive clusters of galaxies that magnify and distort the light from background galaxies.
Pluto's Atmosphere
Before the New Horizons mission, Hubble provided data on the composition and variability of Pluto's thin atmosphere, contributing to our understanding of the outer Solar System's environmental conditions.
Hubble Deep Field
The Hubble Deep Field is a long-exposure image of a small region in the constellation Ursa Major, comprising data from several hundred separate exposures, showing thousands of galaxies, some billions of light years away. Its significance lies in showing the variety and density of galaxies in a typical slice of the universe.
Accelerating Universe
The discovery that the universe's expansion is accelerating was made possible by observations of distant supernovae by the Hubble Space Telescope. This led to the postulation of dark energy as a major component of the universe.
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