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Exoplanets Discovery and Types
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51 Pegasi b
Discovery Method: Radial Velocity. Characteristics: First exoplanet discovered orbiting a sun-like star, hot Jupiter-type, short orbital period.
Kepler-22b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Located in the habitable zone of its star, larger than Earth, possibly an ocean world.
Proxima Centauri b
Discovery Method: Radial Velocity. Characteristics: Closest exoplanet to Earth, orbiting the nearest star, possible habitable zone candidate.
TRAPPIST-1e
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: One of seven Earth-sized exoplanets in the system, in the habitable zone, orbits an ultra-cool dwarf star.
WASP-12b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Extremely close to its host star, 'hot Jupiter', has a very short year of about 1 Earth day.
LHS 1140 b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry and Radial Velocity. Characteristics: Rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone, potentially could have liquid water, relatively close to Earth.
K2-18b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Possible water vapor in the atmosphere, orbits within its star's habitable zone, discovered by Kepler's K2 mission.
Hot Jupiter
Characteristics: Gas giant exoplanets that orbit very close to their stars, have high temperatures, usually discovered by the transit method or radial velocity.
Super-Earth
Characteristics: Type of exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth's but substantially below those of ice giants Uranus and Neptune, potentially rocky, may be in habitable zones.
Mini-Neptune
Characteristics: Smaller version of gas giants with a thick hydrogen-helium atmosphere, too small to develop significant pressure and heat internally like Jupiter.
HD 209458 b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry and Radial Velocity. Characteristics: First exoplanet to be seen transiting its star, hot Jupiter with detected atmosphere.
Gliese 581 d
Discovery Method: Radial Velocity. Characteristics: First exoplanet claimed to be in the habitable zone, rocky, potentially could retain liquid water.
Kepler-452b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Known as Earth's 'cousin', orbits in the habitable zone, older and larger than Earth.
Ross 128 b
Discovery Method: Radial Velocity. Characteristics: Close by rocky exoplanet, potentially in the habitable zone, orbits a red dwarf star.
OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb
Discovery Method: Microlensing. Characteristics: An exoplanet similar in mass to Earth, very distant, discovered through gravitational microlensing.
Direct Imaging
Discovery Method Characteristics: Directly observes exoplanets by blocking out the star's light, best for detecting planets far from their stars, usually young giant planets still glowing from formation heat.
Pulsar Timing
Discovery Method Characteristics: Measures variations in pulsar timing due to gravitational tug of an orbiting exoplanet, effective for detecting planets around pulsars.
Astrobiology
Exoplanet Relevance: Study of the potential for life on exoplanets, considers bio-signatures in exoplanet atmospheres, may use upcoming telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope.
Habitable Zone
Exoplanet Characteristics: Range of orbits around a star where conditions could allow for liquid water on the planet's surface, crucial for life as we know it.
Teegarden's Star b
Discovery Method: Radial Velocity. Characteristics: Potentially habitable exoplanet, one of the nearest exoplanets known, orbits within the habitable zone of its red dwarf star.
Beta Pictoris b
Discovery Method: Direct Imaging. Characteristics: A young gas giant planet directly imaged, orbits Beta Pictoris at a large distance, provides insights into planetary formation.
Radial Velocity
Discovery Method Characteristics: Detects exoplanets by observing Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the host star as it wobbles due to planetary gravitational pull, effective for large, close-in planets.
Transit Photometry
Discovery Method Characteristics: Measures the light curve of a star to detect dips in brightness caused by a planet passing in front of it, allows for size and orbital period estimation.
GJ 1214 b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Classified as a mini-Neptune or water world, has a thick atmosphere, orbits a red dwarf star.
Gravitational Microlensing
Discovery Method Characteristics: Uses the gravitational lens effect of a foreground star to magnify the light of a background star, can detect lower-mass planets.
55 Cancri e
Discovery Method: Radial Velocity & Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Super-Earth exoplanet that transits its star, extremely high surface temperatures, may have a lava ocean.
KELT-9b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: One of the hottest exoplanets known, orbits a blue A-type star, has a comet-like evaporating atmosphere.
HD 189733 b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry & Radial Velocity. Characteristics: Known for its deep azure blue color due to silicate particles in its atmosphere, hot Jupiter with a short orbital period.
CoRoT-7b
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: First confirmed rocky exoplanet to be discovered transiting its star, orbits extremely close and has a very short day.
K2-288Bb
Discovery Method: Transit Photometry. Characteristics: Located in the habitable zone, orbits a binary star system, discovered by data from Kepler's K2 mission.
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