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Discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars; 1868-1921

Established the three major laws of planetary motion; 1571-1630

Discovered Uranus, infrared radiation, and studied star clusters; 1738-1822

Hypothesized the existence of the Oort Cloud; Studied galactic motion; 1900-1992

Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation; 1643-1727

Provided evidence that the universe is expanding; 1889-1953

Classified stellar spectra; Developed Harvard classification scheme; 1863-1941

Discovered that stars are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium; 1900-1979

Developed the Heliocentric model of the universe; 1473-1543

Stellar evolution, Chandrasekhar limit, black hole theory; 1910-1995

Founded trigonometry and cataloged over 1,000 stars; circa 190-120 BC

Identified Kuiper Belt, studied lunar craters, and discovered two moons of the outer planets; 1905-1973

Founded the Palomar and Mt. Wilson Observatories; made significant advances in solar astronomy; 1868-1938

Discovered the first radio pulsars as a graduate student; 1943-present

Cataloged over 100 astronomical objects (Messier objects) to avoid confusion with comets; 1730-1817

Promoted search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI); Popularized science; 1934-1996

Contributed to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and plasma physics; Concept of Alfvén waves; 1908-1995

Proposed the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin; 1894-1966

Discovered radio waves from the Milky Way; 1905-1950

Predicted the periodicity of the comet that bears his name, Halley's Comet; Studied celestial mechanics; 1656-1742

Experimental physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project; Conducted the famous Wu experiment demonstrating the violation of parity; 1912-1997

Accurate stellar and planetary observations pre-telescope era; Developed Tychonic system; 1546-1601

Pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates; Provided evidence of dark matter; 1928-2016

Father of observational astronomy; First to use a telescope to study the stars; 1564-1642