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A region around a planet that is dominated by the planet's magnetic force. It plays a critical role in protecting planetary atmospheres from solar wind.

The formation of craters on the surface of a planet or moon due to the collision with a smaller body. Gives insight into the age and geological history of planetary surfaces.

A rotating circumstellar disk of dense gas and dust surrounding a young newly formed star, where planets can form. It's essential for the study of planet birth and solar system formation.

The study and movement of large-scale structures and features in a planet's lithosphere. Helps to explain surface features such as mountains, valleys, and earthquakes.

A small body that formed from dust and gas in a protoplanetary disk; considered the building blocks of planets. Relevant for understanding the early stages of planet formation.

The process by which a planet or moon develops layers of different compositions and densities; core, mantle, and crust. Important for understanding internal structures of celestial bodies.

The slow creeping motion of a planet’s mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. Key for understanding volcanic activity and plate tectonics.

A natural process where certain gases trap heat in a planet's atmosphere, warming the planet. Essential for understanding climate and habitability of planets, like Earth and Venus.

All the water on a planet's surface, underground, and in the atmosphere. It's significant in the study of life's potential, climate, and geological processes on planets.

Volcanic activity on icy bodies in the outer solar system, where water and other volatiles are expelled instead of molten rock. Highlights the active geology on icy moons and dwarf planets.

Elevated areas on the Moon and other celestial bodies, often heavily cratered and older than mare regions. Offer insights into the geological history of the lunar surface.

The region of space located between Mars and Jupiter where most of the solar system's asteroids are found. Crucial for studying leftover material from solar system formation.

A layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock on the Moon, Mars, and other bodies. It reflects the degree of weathering and impact processing.

The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or moon, which is subject to tectonic processes. Essential for understanding planetary geology and tectonics.

A stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. It affects planetary atmospheres and forms the heliosphere.

An orbit around Earth where a satellite's orbital period matches the Earth's rotation period, resulting in a fixed position over the equator. Crucial for communication and weather satellites.

The process by which a substance transitions directly from a solid to a gas without becoming liquid. Central to the behavior of comets and the geysers of icy moons.

A spherical shell of icy objects that surrounds the solar system and is considered the origin of long-period comets. Demonstrates the extent of the Sun's gravitational influence.

The conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems. It is important for understanding and predicting conditions in space that can affect Earth and its technological systems.

Positions in space where the gravitational forces of two large bodies, like Earth and the Sun, produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion that can be used for stable satellite orbits.

The outermost layer of a planet's atmosphere where the air is thin and gradually fades into space. Important for understanding how atmospheres interact with space and solar wind.

The rotation of a planet or moon in a direction opposite to that of most planets in the solar system; seen in Venus and Uranus. Offers insights into past planetary collisions or other altering events.

A large, dark, basaltic plain on the Moon, formed by ancient volcanic eruptions. They are significant for lunar geology studies.

The bubble-like region of space dominated by the solar wind and magnetic field of the Sun. Defines the extent of the Sun's influence in space.