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Planetary Science Acronyms

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VLT

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Very Large Telescope; an array of four individual optical telescopes operated by the European Southern Observatory on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile.

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CHEOPS

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CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite; a European space telescope whose mission is to study the formation and evolution of exoplanets.

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TGO

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Trace Gas Orbiter; a project of the ExoMars mission by ESA and Roscosmos to detect and study atmospheric trace gases on Mars, such as methane.

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ISRO

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Indian Space Research Organisation; the space agency of the Government of India, responsible for space research and planetary exploration.

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GRAIL

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Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory; a lunar exploration mission by NASA that used high-quality gravitational field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure.

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ARTEMIS

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Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun; a NASA program studying the Moon and its interaction with the Sun’s magnetic field.

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EXOMARS

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Exobiology on Mars; a joint mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian space agency Roscosmos to search for signs of past life on Mars.

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EHT

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Event Horizon Telescope; a project aiming to create an Earth-sized virtual telescope to capture images of the event horizon surrounding black holes.

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VLA

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Very Large Array; a radio astronomy observatory located in New Mexico, consisting of 27 independent antennas.

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MESSENGER

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MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging; a NASA space probe that orbited Mercury and studied its chemical composition, geology, and magnetic field.

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CNSA

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China National Space Administration; the national space agency of China responsible for the coordination of space activities for civilian and national security usage.

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MRO

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Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit.

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ALMA

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Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array; an astronomical interferometer of 66 radio telescopes in the Atacama desert of northern Chile.

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OSIRIS-REx

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Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer; a NASA asteroid study and sample-return mission launched in 2016 to visit the asteroid Bennu.

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NASA

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration; the United States government agency responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research.

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IOT

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Internet of Things; the network of physical objects—'things'—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.

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NEOWISE

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Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer; a NASA infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope launched in December 2009 to discover and catalog near-Earth objects.

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DSCOVR

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Deep Space Climate Observatory; a NOAA spacecraft that monitors and provides real-time data on solar wind and space weather which can cause geomagnetic storms.

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LCROSS

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Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite; a NASA mission to detect water on the Moon by crashing a spacecraft into a permanently shadowed lunar crater.

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NGST

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Next Generation Space Telescope; the former name for the James Webb Space Telescope, which is designed to be the premier observatory for astronomers worldwide.

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PSLV

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Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle; an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

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JAXA

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Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; responsible for space and planetary research, satellite launches, and advanced technology development.

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LISA

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Laser Interferometer Space Antenna; a mission by the European Space Agency designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves directly from space.

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HST

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Hubble Space Telescope; a space-based observatory that has provided some of the most detailed images of distant stars, galaxies, and nebulae.

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LRO

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Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter; a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit.

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ESA

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European Space Agency; an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22 member states.

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SOHO

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Solar and Heliospheric Observatory; a spacecraft built by the European Space Agency (ESA) and operated in conjunction with NASA that studies the Sun.

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JWST

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James Webb Space Telescope; an international collaboration between NASA, ESA, and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) to launch a large infrared telescope into space.

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COSPAR

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Committee on Space Research; an organization established by the International Council for Science (ICSU) to promote international cooperation in space research.

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BRITE

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BRIght Target Explorer; a constellation of nanosatellites operated by an international collaboration, which studies the brightest stars in the night sky.

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