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A pre-construction design approach where patterns are designed to use up an entire piece of fabric without leaving any scraps. An example is arranging pattern pieces like a jigsaw puzzle to fit perfectly within the fabric's dimensions.

A biomimetic approach to the design of systems. It models human industry on nature's processes wherein materials are viewed as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe metabolisms. For instance, designing a garment that is fully biodegradable or recyclable at the end of its life cycle.

A design method where negative space is cut away from fabric, typically in one single piece, which reduces or eliminates waste. An example might be a dress with geometric cutouts that are then used as design elements in other areas.

The use of organic or natural fibers that can decompose naturally without causing harm to the environment. An example includes using hemp or bamboo fabrics that degrade over time without leaving toxic residue.

This method allows for multiple ways of assembling garments so that the pieces can be interchanged or rearranged, which can minimize waste. An example is a modular dress that can be separated into a top and a skirt.

A process of transforming by-products, waste materials, or unwanted products into new materials or products. An example would be turning old jeans into a new denim tote bag.

A technique that involves draping fabric directly onto a mannequin or form to create a garment without wasting any material. For example, a designer might drape a seamless garment that utilizes the whole cloth.