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Key Philosophers and Theories
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Plato
Theory of Forms, the Allegory of the Cave, Philosopher Kings
Aristotle
Virtue ethics, Four causes, Teleology
Immanuel Kant
Categorical imperative, Critique of Pure Reason, Deontological ethics
Friedrich Nietzsche
Will to power, Ubermensch, Eternal recurrence
Confucius
Confucianism, the Analects, Role ethics
René Descartes
Cartesian dualism, Methodic doubt, 'Cogito, ergo sum'
Søren Kierkegaard
Existentialism, Three stages on life's way, Leap of faith
Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialism, Being and Nothingness, Existence precedes essence
Simone de Beauvoir
Existentialist feminism, The Second Sex, Ethics of Ambiguity
Michel Foucault
Discourse theory, Power/knowledge, Panopticism
Karl Marx
Conflict theory, Materialist conception of history, Critique of Capitalism
John Locke
Tabula rasa, Natural rights, Social contract theory
Thomas Hobbes
Social contract theory, Leviathan, State of nature
David Hume
Empiricism, Scepticism, Problem of induction
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Social contract, General will, Education as natural development
Baruch Spinoza
Pantheism, Ethica, Substance monism
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Absolute idealism, Dialectics, Master-slave dialectic
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Pre-established harmony, Monadology, Best of all possible worlds
Auguste Comte
Positivism, Law of three stages, Sociology
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis, The unconscious mind, Dream interpretation
John Dewey
Pragmatism, Functional psychology, Progressive education
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Theory of language, Picture theory of language, Language games
Hannah Arendt
Banality of evil, The Human Condition, Totalitarianism
Herbert Marcuse
One-Dimensional Man, Critical theory, Repressive tolerance
Arthur Schopenhauer
Pessimism, The World as Will and Representation, Philosophical pessimism
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