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The Roman Empire

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Augustus

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27 BC – 14 AD, Established the Pax Romana, founded the Roman Empire

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Tiberius

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14 AD – 37 AD, Rome's territorial expansion, improved the economy

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Caligula

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37 AD – 41 AD, Notorious for his tyranny, extravagance, and supposed insanity

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Claudius

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41 AD – 54 AD, Conquest of Britannia, extensive building projects

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Nero

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54 AD – 68 AD, Great Fire of Rome, First Roman emperor to commit suicide

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Vespasian

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69 AD – 79 AD, Began construction of the Colosseum, restored state finances

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Titus

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79 AD – 81 AD, Completed the Colosseum, dealt with the aftermath of Mount Vesuvius eruption

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Domitian

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81 AD – 96 AD, Strengthened the economy, reconstruction after the Capitoline Hill fire

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Trajan

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98 AD – 117 AD, Led the greatest military expansion in Roman history, initiated public building programs

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Hadrian

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117 AD – 138 AD, Constructed Hadrian's Wall, consolidated and strengthened the Empire's borders

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Marcus Aurelius

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161 AD – 180 AD, Philosopher king, authored 'Meditations', defeated various invaders

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Commodus

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180 AD – 192 AD, The Roman Empire began to decline, known for his erratic behavior

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Septimius Severus

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193 AD – 211 AD, Military expansion in Africa and the East, reformed the Roman army and bureaucracy

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Caracalla

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211 AD – 217 AD, Granted Roman citizenship to all free men in the Empire, constructed the Baths of Caracalla

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Diocletian

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284 AD – 305 AD, Divided the empire into a Tetrarchy, initiated major administrative reforms

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Constantine the Great

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306 AD – 337 AD, First Christian Roman Emperor, founded Constantinople

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Theodosius I

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379 AD – 395 AD, Made Christianity the official state religion, last emperor to rule both East and West Roman Empires

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Fall of the Western Roman Empire

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476 AD, Disintegration of central authority, Odoacer deposes the last emperor Romulus Augustulus

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Julius Caesar's Assassination

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44 BC, Ended Caesar's dictatorship and led to the rise of the Roman Empire

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First Triumvirate

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60 BC – 53 BC, Informal alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus

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Battle of Actium

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31 BC, Final War of the Roman Republic, Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra

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Pax Romana

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27 BC – 180 AD, Period of relative peace and stability throughout the Roman Empire

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Edict of Milan

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313 AD, Proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire, especially towards Christianity

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Council of Nicaea

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325 AD, First ecumenical council of the Christian Church, established the Nicene Creed

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Gothic War

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376 AD – 382 AD, Conflict between the Roman Empire and Gothic tribes, resulted in increased Gothic settlement within the Empire

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Huns Invasion

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4th and 5th centuries AD, Contributed to the Roman Empire's vulnerability and decline

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Constantinople

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Founded in 330 AD, Became the new capital of the Roman Empire, a strategic and economic hub

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Crisis of the Third Century

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235 AD – 284 AD, A period of military, political, and economic chaos, nearly caused the fall of the Roman Empire

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Reforms of Diocletian

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Late 3rd and early 4th centuries AD, Stabilized the empire and prolonged its life, reformed the military and bureaucracy

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