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The Roman Empire
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Augustus
27 BC – 14 AD, Established the Pax Romana, founded the Roman Empire
Tiberius
14 AD – 37 AD, Rome's territorial expansion, improved the economy
Caligula
37 AD – 41 AD, Notorious for his tyranny, extravagance, and supposed insanity
Claudius
41 AD – 54 AD, Conquest of Britannia, extensive building projects
Nero
54 AD – 68 AD, Great Fire of Rome, First Roman emperor to commit suicide
Vespasian
69 AD – 79 AD, Began construction of the Colosseum, restored state finances
Titus
79 AD – 81 AD, Completed the Colosseum, dealt with the aftermath of Mount Vesuvius eruption
Domitian
81 AD – 96 AD, Strengthened the economy, reconstruction after the Capitoline Hill fire
Trajan
98 AD – 117 AD, Led the greatest military expansion in Roman history, initiated public building programs
Hadrian
117 AD – 138 AD, Constructed Hadrian's Wall, consolidated and strengthened the Empire's borders
Marcus Aurelius
161 AD – 180 AD, Philosopher king, authored 'Meditations', defeated various invaders
Commodus
180 AD – 192 AD, The Roman Empire began to decline, known for his erratic behavior
Septimius Severus
193 AD – 211 AD, Military expansion in Africa and the East, reformed the Roman army and bureaucracy
Caracalla
211 AD – 217 AD, Granted Roman citizenship to all free men in the Empire, constructed the Baths of Caracalla
Diocletian
284 AD – 305 AD, Divided the empire into a Tetrarchy, initiated major administrative reforms
Constantine the Great
306 AD – 337 AD, First Christian Roman Emperor, founded Constantinople
Theodosius I
379 AD – 395 AD, Made Christianity the official state religion, last emperor to rule both East and West Roman Empires
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
476 AD, Disintegration of central authority, Odoacer deposes the last emperor Romulus Augustulus
Julius Caesar's Assassination
44 BC, Ended Caesar's dictatorship and led to the rise of the Roman Empire
First Triumvirate
60 BC – 53 BC, Informal alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
Battle of Actium
31 BC, Final War of the Roman Republic, Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra
Pax Romana
27 BC – 180 AD, Period of relative peace and stability throughout the Roman Empire
Edict of Milan
313 AD, Proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire, especially towards Christianity
Council of Nicaea
325 AD, First ecumenical council of the Christian Church, established the Nicene Creed
Gothic War
376 AD – 382 AD, Conflict between the Roman Empire and Gothic tribes, resulted in increased Gothic settlement within the Empire
Huns Invasion
4th and 5th centuries AD, Contributed to the Roman Empire's vulnerability and decline
Constantinople
Founded in 330 AD, Became the new capital of the Roman Empire, a strategic and economic hub
Crisis of the Third Century
235 AD – 284 AD, A period of military, political, and economic chaos, nearly caused the fall of the Roman Empire
Reforms of Diocletian
Late 3rd and early 4th centuries AD, Stabilized the empire and prolonged its life, reformed the military and bureaucracy
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