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Quantum computers use the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations at speeds unattainable by classical computers. This concept is often used in science fiction to solve complex problems or break encryption, seen in Neal Stephenson's 'Cryptonomicon' and Charles Stross's 'The Laundry Files'.

Mind upload is a speculative concept where a person's consciousness is transferred from their biological brain to a digital or another biological medium, achieving a form of immortality. It is explored in 'Altered Carbon' by Richard K. Morgan and 'The Singularity Is Near' by Ray Kurzweil.

Virtual reality (VR) in science fiction is an immersive, computer-generated environment that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world or imagined worlds. Prominent examples include 'The Matrix' movies, 'Ready Player One' by Ernest Cline, and 'Snow Crash' by Neal Stephenson.

Artificial Intelligence in science fiction often refers to computational systems that exhibit intellect and traits comparable or superior to human beings, including self-awareness, learning, and problem-solving. Noteworthy examples are HAL 9000 from '2001: A Space Odyssey', Skynet from 'The Terminator' series, and Data from 'Star Trek'.

Parallel universes, also known as alternate realities, are a set of diverse universes existing alongside our own, posited by theories that include quantum mechanics and multiverse theory. They feature significantly in works like 'Fringe', the 'Many Worlds Interpretation' in Michael Crichton's 'Timeline', and Philip K. Dick's 'The Man in the High Castle'.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) connect the human brain to external computing devices, allowing for direct communication between the brain and machines. This concept is depicted in William Gibson's 'Neuromancer' and the 'Matrix Trilogy', where characters can download knowledge or experience virtual realities.

Cryogenics involves the preservation of humans or organisms at very low temperatures, with the aim of reviving them in the future. It features in sci-fi as a means for long-duration space travel or pausing a life until a future cure for a disease is found. Examples include the sleeping passengers in 'Passengers' and 'Demolition Man'.

Genetic engineering in sci-fi involves modifying the genetic structure of an organism to achieve desired traits. It can lead to designer babies, superhumans, or completely new species. Examples are the 'Replicants' in 'Blade Runner', the engineered dinosaurs in 'Jurassic Park', and the 'Splicers' in the 'Bioshock' series.

Exoskeleton suits are wearable mobile machines powered by a system of electric motors, levers, or hydraulics that enhances the user's strength and endurance. They appear in military and space exploration contexts within sci-fi, as seen in 'Starship Troopers' by Robert Heinlein and the film 'Edge of Tomorrow'.

Bionic limbs and prosthetics in sci-fi are advanced mechanical replacements for lost limbs, typically with enhanced capabilities or interfaced directly with the nervous system. Notable instances include Luke Skywalker's robotic hand in 'Star Wars', and the augmented humans in 'Deus Ex' video game series.

Superhuman abilities are powers that exceed normal human strength, speed, or intellect, often resulting from genetic modification, cybernetic enhancements, or other scientific advancements. Examples include the 'Bene Gesserit' in 'Dune' by Frank Herbert and the mutants in the 'X-Men' franchise.

A Dyson Sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star to capture a large percentage of its power output. This concept is used in science fiction to depict advanced civilizations with immense energy requirements. It's notably featured in 'Star Trek: The Next Generation' and in 'Ringworld' by Larry Niven.

Faster-than-light (FTL) travel refers to the theoretical possibility of a spacecraft traveling at speeds exceeding the speed of light. This would allow for near-instantaneous transit between distant stars, effectively enabling interstellar travel. Examples from literature include 'warp drive' from 'Star Trek' and the 'hyperspace' concept from 'Star Wars'. The Alcubierre Drive is a theoretical concept that manipulates spacetime to achieve FTL without violating Einstein's theory of relativity.

Teleportation is the speculative concept of moving objects or people instantaneously from one place to another without physically traversing the space between them. It often involves 'quantum entanglement' and 'disassembly and reassembly' of the subject's atoms. Literature examples include the 'Transporter' in 'Star Trek' and the 'jaunting' in Alfred Bester's 'The Stars My Destination'.

Terraforming is the hypothetical process of modifying a planet's environment to make it habitable for Earth-like life. This concept is explored extensively in Kim Stanley Robinson's 'Mars Trilogy' and the transformation of Venus in '2312'.

Ecological utopia or dystopia refers to a society where environmental conservation or destruction is a central aspect of civilization's character. Utopias often depict harmonious, sustainable ecosystems, while dystopias show depleted or ruined environments. This theme is central in 'The Windup Girl' by Paolo Bacigalupi and 'The Road' by Cormac McCarthy.

Time travel is a popular concept in science fiction where characters move between different points in time, often using a time machine or other extraordinary means. It raises issues about causality and paradoxes like the 'Grandfather Paradox'. Examples include 'The Time Machine' by H.G. Wells, 'Doctor Who', and 'Back to the Future' franchise.

Nanotechnology in science fiction refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. It can lead to medical nanobots, self-replicating machines, and advanced materials, as seen in 'The Diamond Age' by Neal Stephenson and 'Prey' by Michael Crichton.

Synthetic biology is a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities. In science fiction, this often leads to new forms of life or biologically engineered solutions to problems, showcased in 'Oryx and Crake' by Margaret Atwood and 'Beggars in Spain' by Nancy Kress.

Cybernetics in sci-fi focuses on the combination of organic and synthetic systems, creating organisms with enhanced abilities. Potent illustrations are the concept of 'cyborgs' like The Borg in 'Star Trek' and characters such as RoboCop or the cybernetic enhancements in 'Ghost in the Shell'.

Antimatter in science fiction is often used as an energy source or explosive material due to the enormous energy release when it annihilates with matter. It's a key component in the warp cores of 'Star Trek' and is utilized in weapons like the 'positron cannon' in 'Neon Genesis Evangelion'.