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Cohomology Rings

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Local Coefficients

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Cohomology can be computed with local coefficients, which can capture local twisting of the topology that can't be seen with ordinary (constant) coefficients.

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The Cup Product

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The cup product is a bilinear operation in cohomology giving it a ring structure. It combines elements from two different cohomology groups to form a new element in a higher-degree cohomology group.

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Cohomological Dimension

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The cohomological dimension of a space is the largest integer nn such that Hn(X;R)0H^n(X;R) \neq 0 for a coefficient ring RR. It provides a measure of the 'size' of a space in terms of cohomology.

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Ring Homomorphisms

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A continuous map between spaces f:XYf: X \to Y induces a ring homomorphism f:H(Y)H(X)f^*: H^*(Y) \to H^*(X) on cohomology rings, respecting the cup product.

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Characteristic Classes

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Characteristic classes are cohomology classes that provide algebraic invariants of vector bundles. They play an important role in classifying and understanding bundles over topological spaces.

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Graded Rings

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Cohomology rings are graded rings, meaning they are direct sums of cohomology groups of different degrees, with the cup product respecting this grading.

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Universality

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Cohomology rings are universal for contravariant functors from the category of topological spaces to the category of graded rings that convert homotopy equivalences into isomorphisms.

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Poincaré Duality

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Poincaré Duality relates the kkth cohomology group to the (nk)(n-k)th cohomology group in an nn-dimensional closed orientable manifold, often leading to symmetry in cohomology rings.

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Leray-Serre Spectral Sequence

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A tool for computing the cohomology of a fibration. The spectral sequence's E2E_2 page often incorporates simpler cohomology rings and converges to the cohomology of the total space of a fibration.

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Mayer-Vietoris Sequence

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A long exact sequence relating the cohomology of open subspaces and their intersection. It's a powerful tool in computing the cohomology of spaces by breaking them into simpler pieces.

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