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Planar Graph Concepts

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Four Color Theorem

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Every planar graph can be colored with at most four colors such that no two adjacent vertices have the same color.

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Euler's Formula

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For a connected planar graph,

VE+F=2V - E + F = 2
, where VV is the number of vertices, EE the number of edges, and FF the number of faces including the outer area.

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Graph Embedding

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A representation of a graph on a surface so that its edges intersect only at their endpoints.

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Faces of a Planar Graph

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Regions bounded by edges in a planar graph, including the outer (infinite) face.

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Plane Graph

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A planar graph that has been embedded in the plane.

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Graph Minors

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A graph HH is a minor of a graph GG if HH can be obtained from GG by deleting edges or vertices and/or contracting edges.

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Kuratowski's Theorem

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A finite graph is planar if and only if it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of the complete graph K5K_5 or the complete bipartite graph K3,3K_{3,3}.

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Dual Graph

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A graph that is created by associating a vertex with each face of the original graph and connecting vertices whose corresponding faces in the original graph are adjacent.

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Planar Graph

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A graph that can be embedded in the plane, so that its edges intersect only at their endpoints.

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Five Color Theorem

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Every planar graph can be colored with at most five colors such that no two adjacent vertices have the same color.

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