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Categorical Syllogisms

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Disjunctive Syllogism

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Pattern: Either P or Q. P is denied. Therefore, Q. Example: Either it is snowing, or it is raining. It is not snowing. Therefore, it is raining.

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Modus Ponens

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Pattern: If P then Q. P is asserted. Therefore, Q. Example: If it is raining, then the ground is wet. It is raining. Therefore, the ground is wet.

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Modus Tollens

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Pattern: If P then Q. Q is denied. Therefore, P is denied. Example: If the alarm is set, then it will ring at 6 AM. The alarm did not ring at 6 AM. Therefore, the alarm was not set.

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Hypothetical Syllogism

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Pattern: If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore, if P then R. Example: If it rains, then the streets get wet. If the streets get wet, then the parade will be cancelled. Therefore, if it rains, the parade will be cancelled.

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Categorical Syllogism

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Pattern: All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. Example: All mammals are warm-blooded. All dogs are mammals. Therefore, all dogs are warm-blooded.

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