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A philosophy of mathematics that views mathematical entities as mental constructs governed by self-evident laws, rather than independent entities with an existence outside of human thought.

The abstract, formal structure of a statement that is represented using variables and logical connectives and which may underlie multiple similar statements.

A conditional statement describing what would be the case if the antecedent were true, where the antecedent is in fact not true.

A characteristic of an argument that is both valid and has all true premises.

Symbols that specify the quantity of specimens in the domain of discourse that satisfy an open formula.

A statement expressing a coherent thought that is capable of being true or false.

The concept in philosophy that theories and beliefs, especially in metaphysics and semantics, imply the existence of certain entities.

The area of philosophical logic concerned with the application of formal logical systems to knowledge, belief, and the process of reasoning about knowledge.

A property of a deductive argument where if the premises are true, the conclusion must necessarily be true.