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A statement expressing a coherent thought that is capable of being true or false.

The abstract, formal structure of a statement that is represented using variables and logical connectives and which may underlie multiple similar statements.

A property of a deductive argument where if the premises are true, the conclusion must necessarily be true.

A characteristic of an argument that is both valid and has all true premises.

A type of logic that includes modalities - expressions of possibility and necessity.

Symbols that specify the quantity of specimens in the domain of discourse that satisfy an open formula.

A philosophy of mathematics that views mathematical entities as mental constructs governed by self-evident laws, rather than independent entities with an existence outside of human thought.

A conditional statement describing what would be the case if the antecedent were true, where the antecedent is in fact not true.

The concept in philosophy that theories and beliefs, especially in metaphysics and semantics, imply the existence of certain entities.