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Fundamental Logical Axioms
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Law of Identity
An entity is identical to itself. Usage: Basic principle used in all forms of logic and argument, denoted as .
Law of Noncontradiction
A statement cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same respect. Usage: Foundational to avoiding paradoxes in formal logic, often expressed as is always false.
Law of the Excluded Middle
For any proposition, either that proposition is true, or its negation is true. Usage: Underlies the principle of bivalence in classical logic, denoted as .
Modus Ponens
If a given implication is true and its antecedent is true, then the consequent is also true. Usage: Fundamental rule of inference, represented as if and is true, then is also true.
Modus Tollens
If a given implication is true and its consequent is not true, then the antecedent is also not true. Usage: It is a valid form of argument, denoted as if and , then .
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