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Sequences and Series - Convergence Tests
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Gregory's test
A particular form of the alternating series test, where convergence is determined if the alternating sum of the sequence's terms tends to a limit.
Tauber's test
Converges if is bounded and tends to as tends to infinity.
Silverman's game
Illustrates a series's convergence via a game with prescribed moves leading to an ever-decreasing remainder; not a formal test.
Logarithmic test
Converges if ; otherwise, diverges.
Alternating series test
Converges if the sequence is decreasing and .
Comparison test
If and converges, then also converges; if diverges, then also diverges.
Stirling's test
Converges if there is a constant such that .
Hadamard's formula
Used to find the radius of convergence of a power series; .
Kummer's test
Converges if there is a positive sequence such that ; otherwise, diverges.
Absolute convergence test
A series converges absolutely if the sum of the absolute values of its terms converges.
Integral test
If , the series converges if converges; diverges otherwise.
Raabe's test
Converges if ; diverges if it is ; inconclusive if it equals .
Frobenius method
Used primarily for power series solutions to differential equations; convergence depends on the radius of convergence around singular points.
Leibniz's test for alternating series
Identical to the alternating series test; converges if the absolute value of the terms decreases monotonically to .
D'Alembert's ratio test for convergence
Equivalent to the ratio test; converges if ; otherwise, diverges or is inconclusive.
Cauchy's root test for convergence
Equivalent to the root test; converges if ; otherwise, diverges or is inconclusive.
Lambert's test
Converges if as for and for all .
Borel's criterion
A series converges if for all , there exist only finitely many natural numbers such that .
Riemann series theorem
Any conditionally convergent series can be rearranged to converge to any number or even diverge.
Geometric series test
Converges if the absolute value of the common ratio ; diverges otherwise.
Ratio test
Converges absolutely if ; diverges if the limit is or infinity; test is inconclusive if the limit equals .
Limit comparison test
If where is a positive finite number and converges, then also converges; if diverges, then diverges.
Cauchy convergence criterion
A sequence converges if for all , there exists an such that for all , .
P-series test
Converges if ; diverges for .
Conditional convergence test
A series is conditionally convergent if it converges but does not converge absolutely.
Root test
Converges absolutely if ; diverges if the limit is or infinity; test is inconclusive if the limit equals .
Dirichlet's test
Converges if is a monotonic decreasing sequence that tends to and is bounded, with partial sums also bounded.
Gauss's test
Converges if there is a positive number and such that ; otherwise, diverges.
Gauss's test for convergence
Similar to Gauss's test but modified specifically for hypergeometric series; involves complex analysis for determination.
Bertrand's test
Converges if ; otherwise, diverges.
Euler's convergence test
Converges when the product of times the difference between consecutive terms and is convergent.
Abel's test
Converges if is a monotonic convergent sequence and is a bounded sequence.
The area convergence test
For an alternating series where terms are represented by the areas of successive vertical rectangles under a decreasing function, the series converges.
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