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Sight-Reading Practices
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Treble Clef
A symbol indicating that the second line from the bottom of the staff is G
Half Note
A note value that lasts 2 beats in common time
Eighth Note
A note value that lasts 1/2 beat in common time
Whole Note
A note value that lasts 4 beats in common time
Sixteenth Note
A note value that lasts 1/4 beat in common time
Sharp Sign
Raises the pitch of a note by a semitone
Flat Sign
Lowers the pitch of a note by a semitone
Natural Sign
Cancels any previous sharps or flats on a note
Bass Clef
A symbol indicating that the fourth line from the bottom of the staff is F
Alto Clef
A symbol indicating that the middle line of the staff is middle C
Dotted Half Note
A note value that lasts 3 beats in common time
Quarter Note
A note value that lasts 1 beat in common time
Da Capo al Fine
An instruction to repeat the music from the beginning and end at the 'Fine' marker
6/8 Time Signature
Compound time signature with 6 eighth notes per measure
D.C. al Fine
Instruction to repeat from the beginning of the piece and end at the 'Fine' marker without taking the repeat
Staccato
A style of playing where notes are performed short and detached
Legato
A style of playing notes in a smooth, connected manner
Scale
A sequential order of pitches ascending or descending
Grace Note
An extra note added as an embellishment and not counted in the rhythm
Ritardando
A gradual slowing down of the tempo
Accelerando
A gradual quickening of the tempo
Dynamic Markings
Notations used to signify the loudness or softness of a piece of music, as well as the way those volumes should change
Arpeggio
The notes of a chord played in succession, either ascending or descending
Slur
A curved line connecting two or more notes of different pitches, indicating they should be played legato
Tenuto
A note should be held for its full value, or slightly longer
Triplets
A group of three notes played within the duration of two of the same kind
Subito
An instruction in music to perform a certain action suddenly and immediately
Cut Time Signature
2/2 time signature, signifying 2 half notes per measure
Conducting Patterns
The standardized gestures used by conductors to indicate the musical beat, tempo, and style
Anacrusis
The pickup notes leading into the first full measure
Diatonic Scale
A scale consisting of five whole steps and two half steps
Syncopation
A shift of accent in music where normally unaccented beats are stressed
Forte-piano
A section of music that is initially played loudly (forte) then immediately softly (piano)
Accent
An emphasis placed on a particular note
D.S. al Coda
Instruction to repeat from the 'Segno' sign and continue to the 'Coda' symbol
Coda
A concluding section of a piece of music
Appoggiatura
An ornamental note that is one step higher or lower than the principal note and is played on the beat, delaying the principal note
Common Time Signature
4/4 time signature, signifying 4 quarter notes per measure
Pizzicato
A playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a string instrument
Tie
A curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, indicating they should be played as one
Breath Mark
A symbol that indicates a place where a vocalist or wind player should take a breath
Segno
A sign indicating a repeat from a marked place in the score
Mordent
An ornament indicating that the note is to be played with a single rapid alternation with the note above or below
Turn
An ornament consisting of four notes that create a zigzag pattern around the main note
Spiccato
A bowing technique for string instruments where the bow bounces lightly upon the string
Dynamic Crescendo
Gradually increasing in loudness
D.S. al Fine
Repeat from the sign (Segno) and end at the Fine without going to the Coda
Trill
A rapid alternation between two adjacent notes
Sforzando
A sudden and strong accent on a single note or chord
Marcato
Played with a marked emphasis
Articulation
The method by which musical notes are executed
Fine
The end or conclusion of a piece of music
Fermata
A symbol that indicates holding a note longer than its written value
Diminuendo
A decrease in loudness, also known as a decrescendo
Time Signature
A notational convention that specifies the number of beats in each measure and which note value receives one beat
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