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Sight-Reading Practices

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Half Note

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A note value that lasts 2 beats in common time

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Sixteenth Note

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A note value that lasts 1/4 beat in common time

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Bass Clef

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A symbol indicating that the fourth line from the bottom of the staff is F

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Flat Sign

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Lowers the pitch of a note by a semitone

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Whole Note

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A note value that lasts 4 beats in common time

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Eighth Note

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A note value that lasts 1/2 beat in common time

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Treble Clef

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A symbol indicating that the second line from the bottom of the staff is G

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Sharp Sign

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Raises the pitch of a note by a semitone

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Alto Clef

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A symbol indicating that the middle line of the staff is middle C

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Dotted Half Note

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A note value that lasts 3 beats in common time

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Quarter Note

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A note value that lasts 1 beat in common time

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Natural Sign

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Cancels any previous sharps or flats on a note

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Fermata

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A symbol that indicates holding a note longer than its written value

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Tie

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A curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, indicating they should be played as one

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Scale

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A sequential order of pitches ascending or descending

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Accelerando

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A gradual quickening of the tempo

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Diatonic Scale

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A scale consisting of five whole steps and two half steps

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Cut Time Signature

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2/2 time signature, signifying 2 half notes per measure

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Trill

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A rapid alternation between two adjacent notes

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Grace Note

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An extra note added as an embellishment and not counted in the rhythm

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Legato

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A style of playing notes in a smooth, connected manner

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D.S. al Coda

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Instruction to repeat from the 'Segno' sign and continue to the 'Coda' symbol

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Pizzicato

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A playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a string instrument

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Ritardando

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A gradual slowing down of the tempo

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Sforzando

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A sudden and strong accent on a single note or chord

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Triplets

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A group of three notes played within the duration of two of the same kind

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Appoggiatura

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An ornamental note that is one step higher or lower than the principal note and is played on the beat, delaying the principal note

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Accent

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An emphasis placed on a particular note

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Slur

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A curved line connecting two or more notes of different pitches, indicating they should be played legato

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Turn

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An ornament consisting of four notes that create a zigzag pattern around the main note

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Anacrusis

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The pickup notes leading into the first full measure

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Articulation

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The method by which musical notes are executed

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Syncopation

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A shift of accent in music where normally unaccented beats are stressed

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D.C. al Fine

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Instruction to repeat from the beginning of the piece and end at the 'Fine' marker without taking the repeat

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Segno

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A sign indicating a repeat from a marked place in the score

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Arpeggio

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The notes of a chord played in succession, either ascending or descending

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Coda

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A concluding section of a piece of music

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Diminuendo

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A decrease in loudness, also known as a decrescendo

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Mordent

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An ornament indicating that the note is to be played with a single rapid alternation with the note above or below

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Time Signature

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A notational convention that specifies the number of beats in each measure and which note value receives one beat

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Common Time Signature

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4/4 time signature, signifying 4 quarter notes per measure

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6/8 Time Signature

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Compound time signature with 6 eighth notes per measure

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Staccato

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A style of playing where notes are performed short and detached

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Dynamic Markings

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Notations used to signify the loudness or softness of a piece of music, as well as the way those volumes should change

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Spiccato

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A bowing technique for string instruments where the bow bounces lightly upon the string

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Da Capo al Fine

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An instruction to repeat the music from the beginning and end at the 'Fine' marker

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Tenuto

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A note should be held for its full value, or slightly longer

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D.S. al Fine

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Repeat from the sign (Segno) and end at the Fine without going to the Coda

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Conducting Patterns

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The standardized gestures used by conductors to indicate the musical beat, tempo, and style

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Marcato

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Played with a marked emphasis

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Breath Mark

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A symbol that indicates a place where a vocalist or wind player should take a breath

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Forte-piano

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A section of music that is initially played loudly (forte) then immediately softly (piano)

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Subito

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An instruction in music to perform a certain action suddenly and immediately

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Dynamic Crescendo

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Gradually increasing in loudness

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Fine

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The end or conclusion of a piece of music

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