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Sight-Reading Practices
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Half Note
A note value that lasts 2 beats in common time
Sixteenth Note
A note value that lasts 1/4 beat in common time
Bass Clef
A symbol indicating that the fourth line from the bottom of the staff is F
Flat Sign
Lowers the pitch of a note by a semitone
Whole Note
A note value that lasts 4 beats in common time
Eighth Note
A note value that lasts 1/2 beat in common time
Treble Clef
A symbol indicating that the second line from the bottom of the staff is G
Sharp Sign
Raises the pitch of a note by a semitone
Alto Clef
A symbol indicating that the middle line of the staff is middle C
Dotted Half Note
A note value that lasts 3 beats in common time
Quarter Note
A note value that lasts 1 beat in common time
Natural Sign
Cancels any previous sharps or flats on a note
Fermata
A symbol that indicates holding a note longer than its written value
Tie
A curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, indicating they should be played as one
Scale
A sequential order of pitches ascending or descending
Accelerando
A gradual quickening of the tempo
Diatonic Scale
A scale consisting of five whole steps and two half steps
Cut Time Signature
2/2 time signature, signifying 2 half notes per measure
Trill
A rapid alternation between two adjacent notes
Grace Note
An extra note added as an embellishment and not counted in the rhythm
Legato
A style of playing notes in a smooth, connected manner
D.S. al Coda
Instruction to repeat from the 'Segno' sign and continue to the 'Coda' symbol
Pizzicato
A playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a string instrument
Ritardando
A gradual slowing down of the tempo
Sforzando
A sudden and strong accent on a single note or chord
Triplets
A group of three notes played within the duration of two of the same kind
Appoggiatura
An ornamental note that is one step higher or lower than the principal note and is played on the beat, delaying the principal note
Accent
An emphasis placed on a particular note
Slur
A curved line connecting two or more notes of different pitches, indicating they should be played legato
Turn
An ornament consisting of four notes that create a zigzag pattern around the main note
Anacrusis
The pickup notes leading into the first full measure
Articulation
The method by which musical notes are executed
Syncopation
A shift of accent in music where normally unaccented beats are stressed
D.C. al Fine
Instruction to repeat from the beginning of the piece and end at the 'Fine' marker without taking the repeat
Segno
A sign indicating a repeat from a marked place in the score
Arpeggio
The notes of a chord played in succession, either ascending or descending
Coda
A concluding section of a piece of music
Diminuendo
A decrease in loudness, also known as a decrescendo
Mordent
An ornament indicating that the note is to be played with a single rapid alternation with the note above or below
Time Signature
A notational convention that specifies the number of beats in each measure and which note value receives one beat
Common Time Signature
4/4 time signature, signifying 4 quarter notes per measure
6/8 Time Signature
Compound time signature with 6 eighth notes per measure
Staccato
A style of playing where notes are performed short and detached
Dynamic Markings
Notations used to signify the loudness or softness of a piece of music, as well as the way those volumes should change
Spiccato
A bowing technique for string instruments where the bow bounces lightly upon the string
Da Capo al Fine
An instruction to repeat the music from the beginning and end at the 'Fine' marker
Tenuto
A note should be held for its full value, or slightly longer
D.S. al Fine
Repeat from the sign (Segno) and end at the Fine without going to the Coda
Conducting Patterns
The standardized gestures used by conductors to indicate the musical beat, tempo, and style
Marcato
Played with a marked emphasis
Breath Mark
A symbol that indicates a place where a vocalist or wind player should take a breath
Forte-piano
A section of music that is initially played loudly (forte) then immediately softly (piano)
Subito
An instruction in music to perform a certain action suddenly and immediately
Dynamic Crescendo
Gradually increasing in loudness
Fine
The end or conclusion of a piece of music
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