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Governmentality describes the way populations are managed by governments through the use of a variety of techniques, including welfare, security, and risk management. It marks a shift from the 'sovereign state' to the 'managerial state'.

The term 'docile bodies' refers to individuals whose behaviors, ideas, and economic usage are in a state of regulation within the social order. These bodies are subjected to the continuous process of training and control.

Panopticism is a social theory named after the Panopticon, an architectural design that allows all (pan-) inmates of an institution to be observed (-opticon) by a single watchman without the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being watched.

Normalization is the process by which norms are established and used to judge the value of behaviors and individual characteristics. In Foucault's view, it is used as a power mechanism to control and change individuals to fit social norms.

Archaeology of Knowledge is Foucault's method for uncovering the historical rules, strategies, and discourses that govern the creation of knowledge in different periods.

Foucault's concept of biopower refers to the practice of modern nation-states and their regulation of their subjects through 'an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations'. It signifies a power over life.

In Foucault's work, discipline refers to a type of power that is exercised through surveillance and a detailed control and regulation of people. It is aimed at producing docile bodies that may be subjected, used, transformed, and improved.

An episteme is a philosophical term referring to the foundational knowledge or underlying assumptions that shape the perception and interpretation of the world. For Foucault, it is the historical a priori that grounds knowledge and discursive practices of a particular period.

In Foucault's work, the 'clinic' is an idealized space within a society where specific knowledge and power over the body are exercised. It is related to the birth of modern medical perception and the institutionalization of medicine.

Foucault's exploration of the relationship between power, knowledge, and sexuality. He illustrates how sexual norms and discourses about sexuality have formed part of broader systems of power and social control.

Genealogy is a method developed by Foucault that involves an examination of the descent of modern power and knowledge systems. It questions the historical process and seeks to expose and subvert power dynamics implicit in the established social and historical narratives.

A pivotal Foucault text where he articulates how the treatment of the mad, the formation of psychiatric power, and the creation of asylums are tied up with the workings of power/knowledge and social control.

Foucault's term for a form of fearless speech where an individual speaks boldly and truthfully, risking reprimand or punishment. It implies having the moral courage to make the truth known in spite of danger.

Heterotopia is a concept in human geography elaborated by Foucault to describe places and spaces that function in non-hegemonic conditions. They are parallel spaces where 'other' social norms and values are depicted, such as graveyards or gardens.

Foucault argues that power and knowledge are not seen as independent entities but are inextricably related. Knowledge is always an exercise of power and power is always a function of knowledge.

Foucault's analysis of the establishment of modern medical institutions and the historical evolution of the concept and practice of clinical medicine.

Discourse in Foucault's philosophy is a system of thoughts composed of ideas, attitudes, courses of action, beliefs, and practices that systematically construct subjects and the social world.