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Emphasized human reason and the power of scientific and technological progress to improve society.

Saw technology as a means to increase production, efficiency, and economic growth.

Conceptualizes technology as leading to a knowledge-based economy, characterized by the importance of services and information.

Saw technology and science as the means by which humanity could achieve self-realization and freedom from religious strictures.

Were a social movement critical of technology, especially machinery, that they believed threatened their jobs.

Viewed technology as a tool that could potentially create a more free society, but was critical of its use in exploitative ways under capitalism.

Acknowledged technology's role in social change but was critical of its dehumanizing aspects under capitalism.

Celebrated human innovation and the potential of technology to enhance human capabilities.

Argues that technology embodies specific forms of power and authority and is not neutral.

The belief that technology is the principal factor driving societal change and development.

Criticized the modern technological view of the world as a 'standing-reserve' and urged a more thoughtful engagement with technology.