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Saw technology as a means to increase production, efficiency, and economic growth.

Viewed technology as an application of nature and a means to fulfill human purposes.

Emphasized human reason and the power of scientific and technological progress to improve society.

Acknowledged technology's role in social change but was critical of its dehumanizing aspects under capitalism.

Were a social movement critical of technology, especially machinery, that they believed threatened their jobs.

Criticized the modern technological view of the world as a 'standing-reserve' and urged a more thoughtful engagement with technology.

Celebrated human innovation and the potential of technology to enhance human capabilities.

The belief that technology is the principal factor driving societal change and development.

Saw technology and science as the means by which humanity could achieve self-realization and freedom from religious strictures.

Conceptualizes technology as leading to a knowledge-based economy, characterized by the importance of services and information.

Argues that technology embodies specific forms of power and authority and is not neutral.