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Positive Reinforcement is the addition of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. Example: Giving a child praise or a treat after they clean their room, which makes them more likely to clean the room again in the future.

Negative Reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a desired behavior, increasing the frequency of that behavior. Example: Turning off an annoying alarm when you wake up and get out of bed, reinforcing the behavior of waking up early.

Positive Punishment, also known as punishment by application, involves presenting an unfavorable outcome or event following an undesirable behavior, with the aim of decreasing that behavior's occurrence. Example: A student receives extra homework after speaking out of turn, which decreases the instances of outbursts.

Negative Punishment, also known as punishment by removal, includes taking away a favorable item or privilege as a result of undesirable behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again. Example: Revoking a teen's driving privileges after they come home past curfew.

Schedules of Reinforcement refer to the specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. Examples include fixed-ratio (reinforcement after a set number of responses), variable-ratio (reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses), fixed-interval (reinforcement after a set amount of time), and variable-interval schedules (reinforcement after unpredictable amounts of time).