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The collision of two neutron stars was witnessed through gravitational waves and electromagnetic signals, confirming the theory of general relativity and supporting the origin of heavy elements.

Observations of planets around other stars have expanded our understanding of planet formation and the potential for life outside our Solar System.

Edwin Hubble observed that galaxies are moving away from each other, leading to the conclusion that the universe is expanding, which supports the Big Bang theory.

The Hubble Space Telescope has captured light from the earliest stars, providing insight into the reionization epoch and star formation in the early universe.

Analysis of the cosmic microwave background radiation has helped astronomers calculate the age of the universe at approximately 13.8 billion years.

Pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars, were discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish, providing natural laboratories for the study of extreme states of matter.

Direct observation of black holes, particularly the event horizon, has supported the theories predicting their existence and properties.

Supernovae observations have led to the discovery of dark energy, which is driving the accelerated expansion of the universe.

The observation of fewer solar neutrinos than predicted led to advances in particle physics, revealing properties of neutrinos like oscillation and mass.

Measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation have provided evidence for the theory of cosmic inflation, a rapid expansion shortly after the Big Bang.

GRBs are the most powerful explosions since the Big Bang, linked to supernovae or the merging of neutron stars and providing insights into high-energy processes in the universe.

The cosmic distance ladder is a series of techniques by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects, enabling the measurement of the scale of the universe.

The LIGO observatory detected gravitational waves for the first time, confirming a major prediction of Einstein's general relativity and launching the field of gravitational wave astronomy.

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson observed the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, providing evidence for the Big Bang theory and information about the early universe.