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A protostar is the earliest stage of a star's life cycle, where a dense region of a molecular cloud collapses under its own gravity, causing temperature and pressure to increase until nuclear fusion is nearly ready to begin.

The main-sequence is the stable period in a star's life where it fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. The balance between gravity pulling inward and pressure from fusion pushing outward creates a stable state.

Supergiants are massive stars that have entered the final stages of life. They have begun to fuse elements heavier than helium, leading to significant growth in size and luminosity.

A supernova is a catastrophic explosion that occurs at the end of a massive star's life, triggered when iron accumulates in the star's core. The explosion disseminates elements throughout space and can lead to the formation of neutron stars or black holes.

A white dwarf represents the final life cycle stage of a low to intermediate-mass star, where it no longer undergoes fusion and glows due to residual thermal energy. Eventually, it will cool to form a black dwarf.

A red giant is a stage where a star has exhausted hydrogen in its core and begins to fuse helium into heavier elements. The outer layers expand and cool, giving the star a reddish appearance.

A black hole is a region of space with gravity so strong that not even light can escape. It forms when a massive star collapses under its own gravity past the neutron star stage to a singularity.