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International Trade Theories

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Absolute Advantage Theory

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Adam Smith; Countries should specialize in producing goods they can create most efficiently

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Comparative Advantage Theory

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David Ricardo; Countries should specialize in producing goods with the lowest opportunity cost

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Heckscher-Ohlin Theory

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Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin; Countries export goods that use their abundant factors intensively

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Mercantilism

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Various authors, notably Thomas Mun; Wealth of a nation is increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations

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New Trade Theory

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Paul Krugman; Economies of scale and network effects can lead to imperfect competition and trade even among similar countries

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Porter's Diamond Theory

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Michael Porter; Four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete

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Gravity Model of Trade

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Jan Tinbergen; The volume of trade between two countries is proportional to the size of their economies and inversely proportional to the distance between them

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Balance of Payments Theory

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Various authors; A country's currency value is determined by its balance of payments

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Product Life-Cycle Theory

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Raymond Vernon; The location of production of certain goods shifts as they go through their life cycle

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Linder Hypothesis

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Staffan Burenstam Linder; Trade patterns reflect the preferences of consumers in countries with similar levels of per capita income

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